CARLYLE, THOMAS

born Dec. 4, 1795, Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Scot. died Feb. 5, 1881, London, Eng. British historian and essayist, whose major works include The French Revolution, 3 vol. (1837), On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841), and The History of Friedrich II of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great, 6 vol. (185865). Additional reading Two books by James Anthony Froude, Thomas Carlyle: A History of the First Forty Years of Life, 17951835, 2 vol. in 1 (1882, reissued in 2 vol., 1970), and Thomas Carlyle: A History of His Life in London, 18341881, 2 vol. in 1 (1884, reissued in 2 vol., 1969), together are not only the best life of Carlyle but are among the greatest of English biographies, combining the attitude of an intelligent disciple with penetrating observation and remorseless moral criticism. John Clubbe (ed.), Froude's Life of Carlyle (1979), an abridgment of Froude's 4-vol. work, essentially removes the primary materiali.e., Carlyle's letters. Froude also wrote My Relations with Carlyle (1903, reprinted 1971), his private account of the writing of the biography, in which he voiced his suspicions that sexual impotence may have been responsible for troubles in Carlyle's marriage. Modern biographies include Ian Campbell, Thomas Carlyle (1974); and Fred Kaplan, Thomas Carlyle (1983). A listing of Carlyle's works may be found in the extensive work by Isaac Watson Dyer, A Bibliography of Thomas Carlyle's Writings and Ana (1928, reprinted 1968).Basil Willey, Nineteenth Century Studies (1949), places Carlyle judiciously in relation to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Matthew Arnold, and other leading thinkers. John Holloway, The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument (1953, reissued 1965), provides an admirable account of the philosophical and rhetorical aspects of Carlyle's persuasive methods. Philip Rosenberg, The Seventh Hero: Thomas Carlyle and the Theory of Radical Activism (1974), studies Carlyle and political theory. K.J. Fielding and Rodger L. Tarr (eds.), Carlyle Past and Present (1976), collects essays on various topics. Charles Richard Sanders, Carlyle's Friendships and Other Studies (1977), throws light on Carlyle's personal relationships. Kenneth Marc Harris, Carlyle and Emerson: Their Long Debate (1978), is the first study of the two writers. Rodger L. Tarr, Thomas Carlyle: A Descriptive Bibliography (1989), surveys the critical field.