CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION

formation of a separable solid substance from a solution, either by converting the substance into an insoluble form or by changing the composition of the solvent to diminish the solubility of the substance in it. The distinction between precipitation and crystallization lies largely in whether emphasis is placed on the process by which the solubility is reduced or on that by which the structure of the solid substance becomes organized. Precipitation often is used to remove metal ions from aqueous solutions: silver ions present in a solution of a soluble salt, such as silver nitrate, are precipitated by addition of chloride ions, provided, for example, by a solution of sodium chloride; the chloride ions and the silver ions combine to form silver chloride, a compound that is not soluble in water. Similarly, barium ions are precipitated by sulfate ions, and calcium by oxalate; schemes have been developed for analysis of mixtures of metal ions by successive application of reagents that precipitate specific ions or groups of related ions (see qualitative chemical analysis). In many cases it is possible to select conditions under which a substance precipitates in highly pure and easily separable form. Isolation of such precipitates and determination of their weights constitute accurate methods for determining the amounts of various compounds. (See gravimetric analysis.) In attempts to precipitate a single substance from a solution containing several components, undesired constituents often are incorporated in the crystals, reducing their purity and impairing the accuracy of the analysis. Such contamination can be reduced by carrying out the operations with dilute solutions and by adding the precipitating agent slowly; an effective technique is that called homogeneous precipitation, in which the precipitating agent is synthesized in the solution rather than added mechanically. In difficult cases it may be necessary to isolate an impure precipitate, redissolve it, and reprecipitate it; most of the interfering substances are removed in the original solution, and the second precipitation is performed in their absence.