DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, INVERTEBRATE

any of the systems used by invertebrates for the process of digestion. Included are vacuolar and channel-network systems, as well as more specialized saccular and tubular systems. Additional reading William T. Keeton, James L. Gould, and Carol Grant Gould, Biological Science, 4th ed. (1986), is a comprehensive study that includes an examination of digestion. Charles J. Flickinger et al., Medical Cell Biology (1979); and Walter Hoppe et al. (eds.), Biophysics (1983; originally published in German, 1977), examine the structure of cells and cell membranes, the molecular mechanics of peptides, and the function of enzymes. Specialized studies include H.J. Vonk and J.H.R. Western, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology of Enzymatic Digestion (1984); Thomas H. Wilson, Intestinal Absorption (1962); D.H. Smyth (ed.), Intestinal Absorption, 2 vol. (1974); B.P. Babkin, Secretory Mechanisms of the Digestive Glands, 2nd rev. ed. (1950); A.S.V. Burgen and N.G. Emmelin, Physiology of the Salivary Glands (1961); Arnold V. Wolf, Thirst (1958); Geoffrey H. Bourne and George W. Kidder (eds.), Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, 2 vol. (1953); E.F. Annison and D. Lewis, Metabolism in the Rumen (1959); and J.B. Jennings, Feeding, Digestion, and Assimilation in Animals, 2nd ed. (1972). Chapters on digestion can be found in such comprehensive texts as Henry Gray, Anatomy of the Human Body, 30th American ed., edited by Carmine D. Clemente (1985); B.I. Balinsky, An Introduction to Embryology, 5th ed. (1981); and Leslie Brainerd Arey, Developmental Anatomy, 7th rev. ed. (1974). Frank H. Netter, The Digestive System: A Compilation of Paintings on the Normal and Pathologic Anatomy, 3 vol. (195762), is a part of the Ciba Collection of Medical Illustration series. Specialized works include Leonard R. Johnson et al. (eds.), Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2nd ed. (1981); Horace W. Davenport, Physiology of the Digestive Tract, 5th ed. (1982); Charles F. Code (ed.), Alimentary Canal, 5 vol. (196768); John Morton, Guts: The Form and Function of the Digestive System, 2nd ed. (1979); R.J. Last, Anatomy, Regional and Applied, 7th ed. (1984); Alfred Sherwood Romer and Thomas S. Parsons, The Vertebrate Body, 6th ed. (1986); C. Ladd Prosser (ed.), Comparative Animal Physiology, 3rd ed. (1973); J.A. Colin Nicol, The Biology of Marine Animals, 2nd ed. (1967); and Robert D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 4th ed. (1980).