DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS

French Mdecins sans Frontires (MSF) international humanitarian group dedicated to providing medical care to victims of political violence or natural disasters, as well as to those who lack access to such treatment. The group was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for Peace. Doctors Without Borders was founded in 1971 by 10 French physicians who were dissatisfied with the neutrality of the Red Cross. The doctors believed they had the right to intervene wherever they saw a need for their assistance, rather than waiting for an invitation from the government, and they also felt they had a duty to speak out about injustice, even though it might offend the host government. In 1972 Doctors Without Borders conducted its first major relief effort, helping victims of an earthquake in Nicaragua. Other significant missions were undertaken to care for victims of fighting in Lebanon (1976), Afghanistan (1979), and the Russian republic of Chechnya (1995). During the 1980s and '90s Doctors Without Borders worked to relieve famine, offered medical care to casualties of war, and dealt with the problem of refugees in such African countries as Somalia, Ethiopia, The Sudan, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Rwanda, Kenya, and Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Although by the late 1990s a quarter of those serving in Doctors Without Borders were French, in all some 45 nationalities were represented, and the group was sending more than 2,000 volunteers to 80 countries annually. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the organization has offices in 18 countries. In addition to providing medical assistance, Doctors Without Borders has a reputation as a highly politicized group, particularly skillful in achieving publicity for its efforts. Its vocal opposition to perceived injustice led to its expulsion from several countries.