DRUMMOND (OF HAWTHORNDEN), WILLIAM

born Dec. 13, 1585, Hawthornden, near Edinburgh, Scot. died Dec. 4, 1649, Hawthornden first notable poet in Scotland to write deliberately in English. He also was the first to use the canzone, a medieval Italian or Provenal metrical form, in English verse. Drummond studied at Edinburgh and spent a few years in France, ostensibly studying law at Bourges and Paris. On the death of his father, first laird of Hawthornden, in 1610, he settled down on his Hawthornden estate, leaving law for literature and devoting himself to the life of a cultured and rather detached man of means. There was a certain natural reticence in Drummond's character, but he had many friends, including the poets Michael Drayton and Sir William Alexander and the playwright Ben Jonson. Jonson visited Drummond in 1618, and Jonson's record of their conversations throws light on both personalities. Jonson said that Drummond's poems, though good, smelled too much of the Schooles, and were not after the fancie of the tyme. Drummond adapted and translated poems from French, Italian, and Spanish, in addition to borrowing from such English poets as Sir Philip Sidney. Apart from his Poems (1614, 1616) and Flowres of Sion (1623), Drummond wrote Forth Feasting (1617), a poem celebrating James I's visit to Scotland in that year, and he was apparently the author of Polemo-Medinia inter Vitarvam et Nebernam (1645?), a macaronic piece intermingling Scots and Latin. His prose writings include a group of Royalist political pamphlets; The History of Scotland, from the year 1423 until the year 1542 (1655); and A Cypresse Grove (1623; earlier version, A Midnight's Trance, 1619), a meditation on death and mutability.