EASTERN INDIAN BRONZE

also called Pala Bronze, any of a style of metal sculptures produced from the 9th century onward in the area of modern Bihar and West Bengal in India, extending into Bangladesh. They are sometimes referred to as Pala bronzes, after the name of one of the reigning dynasties (Pala and Sena, 8th12th century AD). The principal centres of production were the great Buddhist monasteries at Nalanda (near modern Patna) and Kurkihar (near Bodh Gaya). Images were distributed throughout Southeast Asia, so that the style influenced Myanmar (Burma), Siam (modern Thailand), and Java. Its impact on the Buddhist art of Kashmir, Nepal, and Tibet also is clearly recognized. The bronzes, strictly speaking, consisted of an alloy of eight metals and were cast by the lost-wax process. They represent the various divinities of later Buddhism (especially Siva and Vishnu) and, being mainly small and portable in size, were intended for private worship. In style the metal images largely continued the Gupta tradition of Sarnath but endowed it with a certain heavy sensuousness. They differ little stylistically from contemporary stone sculptures of the region but surpass them in the precise definition of ornamental detail and in a certain elegant virtuosity.