ENGELS, FRIEDRICH

born Nov. 28, 1820, Barmen, Rhine Province, Prussia died Aug. 5, 1895, London German Socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern Communism. They co-authored the Communist Manifesto (1848), and Engels edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx's death. Additional reading Biographical and critical studies include Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels: A Biography (1936, reissued 1969); W.O. Henderson, The Life of Friedrich Engels, 2 vol. (1976); Terrell Carver, Engels (1981, reissued 1991), on the development of Engels' materialist interpretation of history, Marx & Engels (1983), on Engels' revisionism, and Friedrich Engels: His Life and Thought (1989); and J.D. Hunley, The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels: A Reinterpretation (1991).