ETHIOPIAN CHANT

vocal liturgical music of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians in eastern Africa. A musical notation for Ethiopian chant introduced in the 16th century is called melekket and consists of characters from the ancient Ethiopian language, Ge'ez, in which each sign stands for a syllable of text. These characters seem also to serve as a cue for a specific melodic formula, or serayu. In performance, a formula is embellished with improvised melodic ornaments. There are also apparently three distinctly different manners of chanting: ge'ez, in which most melodies are performed; araray, presumably containing cheerful melodies and used only infrequently in services; and ezel, used in periods of fasting and sorrow. According to Ethiopian tradition, these forms were revealed in the 6th century to a chanter named Yared, who composed the entire body of hymns (since revised) that is found in the six books of chants. The first known manuscripts, however, date to the 14th century. The debtara, an unordained member of the clergy, is well versed in the Ethiopian church rituals, in aspects of the liturgy, and in the scriptures; he is also trained to distinguish the subtleties of moods and manners of performance. Although he is required to copy the whole body of liturgical chants while a student, in the end he memorizes the melodies and, while singing, improvises along the outlines of basic melodic formulas. The exact relationship of Ethiopian musical traditions to other Middle Eastern cultures is unclear.