FIRST LADY

wife of the president of the United States. Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the nation. Representative of her husband on official and ceremonial occasions both at home and abroad, the first lady is closely watched for some hint of her husband's thinking and for a clue to his future actions. Although unpaid and unelected, her prominence provides her a platform from which to influence behaviour and opinion, and popular first ladies have served as models for how American women should dress, speak, and cut their hair. Some first ladies have used their influence to affect legislation on important matters such as temperance reform, housing improvement, and women's rights. Although the wife of the president of the United States played a public role from the founding of the republic, the title first lady did not come into general use until much later, near the end of the 19th century. By the end of the 20th century, the title had been absorbed into other languages and was often used, without translation, for the wife of the nation's leadereven in countries where the leader's consort received far less attention and exerted much less influence than in the United States. Additional reading Carl Sferrazza Anthony, First Ladies, 2 vol. (199091), details the relationships among first ladies. Betty Boyd Caroli, First Ladies, expanded ed. (1995), treats first ladies over two centuries and discusses how they reflected changes in the status of women. Lewis L. Gould (ed.), American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy (1996), includes expert articles on all the first ladies through 1996. Betty Boyd Caroli