FOOT

plural feet in anatomy, terminal part of the leg of a land vertebrate, on which the creature stands. In most two-footed and many four-footed animals it consists of all structures below the ankle joint: heel, arch, digits, and contained bones such as tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges; in mammals that walk on their toes and hoofed mammals, it includes the terminal parts of one or more digits. The major function of the foot in land vertebrates is locomotion. Three types of foot posture exist in mammals: (1) plantigrade, in which the surface of the whole foot touches the ground during locomotion (e.g., human, baboon, bear), (2) digitigrade, in which only the phalanges (toes, fingers) touch the ground, while the ankle and wrist are elevated (e.g., dog, cat), (3) unguligrade, in which only a hoof (the tip of one or two digits) touches the grounda specialization of running animals (e.g., horse, deer). In primates the foot, like the hand, has flat nails protecting the tips of the digits, and the undersurface is marked by creases and friction-ridge patterns. In most primates the foot is adapted for grasping (i.e., is prehensile), with the first digit set at an angle from the others. The foot may be used for manipulation in addition to its use in climbing, jumping, or walking. The human foot is nonprehensile and is adapted for a form of bipedalism distinguished by the development of the stridea long step, during which one leg is behind the vertical axis of the backbonewhich allows great distances to be covered with a minimum expenditure of energy. The big toe converges with the others and is held in place by strong ligaments. Its phalanges and metatarsal bones are large and strong. Together, the tarsal and metatarsal bones of the foot form a longitudinal arch, which absorbs shock in walking; a transverse arch, across the metatarsals, also helps distribute weight. The heel bone helps support the longitudinal foot arch. It is believed that in the evolutionary development of bipedalism, running preceded striding. Australopithecus africanus, who lived between two and five million years ago, had a fully modern foot and probably strode. The term foot is also applied to organs of locomotion in invertebrates, e.g., the muscular, creeping or burrowing organ of a mollusk and the limb of an arthropod. plural Feet, in verse, the smallest metrical unit of measurement. The prevailing kind and number of feet, revealed by scansion, determines the metre of a poem. In classical (or quantitative) verse, a foot, or metron, is a combination of two or more long and short syllables. A short syllable is known as an arsis, a long syllable as a thesis. There are 28 different feet in classical verse, ranging from the pyrrhic (two short syllables) to the dispondee (four long syllables). The adaptation of classical metrics to the strongly accented Germanic languages, such as English, does not provide an entirely reliable standard of measurement. The terminology persists, however, a foot usually being defined as a group of one stressed () and one or two unstressed () syllables. An exception is the spondee, which consists of two stressed syllables; in English verse, this is usually two monosyllables, such as the phrase He who. The commonest feet in English verse are the iamb, an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable, as in the word re| port; the trochee, a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable, as in the word dai|ly; the anapest, two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable, as in ser|e| nade; and the dactyl, a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables, as in mer|ri|ly. If a single line of the poem contains only one foot, it is called monometer; two feet, dimeter; three feet, trimeter; four feet, tetrameter; five feet, pentameter; six feet, hexameter; seven feet, heptameter; eight feet, octameter. More than six, however, is rare. The metre of a poem (e.g., iambic pentameter, dactylic hexameter) is the kind plus the number of feet in each line. plural Feet, in measurement, any of numerous ancient and modern lineal measures (commonly 25 to 34 cm) based on the length of the human foot and used exclusively in English-speaking countries. In most countries and in all scientific applications, the foot, with its multiples and subdivisions, has been superseded by the metric unit, the metre. In a few countries the foot was retained but eventually (by 1893 in the United States) became defined in terms of the metre. In the United States the definition of the foot as exactly 30.48 cm took effect in 1959.