FORBES, JAMES DAVID

born April 20, 1809, Edinburgh died Dec. 31, 1868, Edinburgh Scottish physicist noted for his research on heat conduction and glaciers. Educated at the University of Edinburgh, Forbes became a professor there in 1833. Between 1836 and 1844 he published four series of Researches on Heat in which he described the polarization (alignment of waves to vibrate in a plane) of radiant infrared heat by the mineral tourmaline, by transmission through a bundle of thin mica plates, and by reflection from the surfaces of a pile of mica plates. In 1846 he began experiments on the temperature of the Earth at different depths and in different soils near Edinburgh. Later he investigated the laws of heat conduction in bars, and in his last piece of work reported that iron conducts heat less efficiently as its temperature rises. The Royal Society awarded him the Rumford Medal in 1838 and the Gold Medal in 1843 for his work on heat. He made several visits to Switzerland and Norway to study the movement of glaciers and to observe their internal structure.