FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL

born March 8, 1836, Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire, Eng. died Jan. 28, 1907, London Sir Michael Foster, detail of an oil painting by J. Collier, 1907; in the National Portrait English physiologist and educator who introduced modern methods of teaching biology and physiology that emphasize laboratory training. Foster earned a medical degree from University College, London, in 1859 and was a protg of the biologist T.H. Huxley. Foster became an instructor at University College in 1867 and went on to become a teacher (187083) and then the first professor of physiology (18831903) at the University of Cambridge. He greatly enlarged and modernized the teaching of biology at Cambridge, and under his leadership that school became a world centre for research into physiology. Indeed, many of the most eminent British biologists of the early 20th century were originally students of his. Foster's use of laboratory experimentation and research became standard in the teaching of the biological sciences in English universities. Foster also cowrote several important textbooks with former students, and his Text-book of Physiology (1877) became a standard reference work. He founded the Journal of Physiology in 1878 and remained its editor until 1894. His own research, though overshadowed by his teaching activities, centred on determining whether the heartbeat depends solely on nerve discharges or whether the heart muscles have a capacity for rhythmic contraction independent of nervous influence.