GALLUS CAESAR

born 325/326, Etruria died 354, near Pola byname of Flavius Claudius Constantius ruler of the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, with the title of caesar, from 351 to 354. Sources dating from this period describe Gallus' reign at Antioch (modern Antakya, Tur.) as tyrannical. His father, Julius Constantius, was the half brother of Constantine the Great, and Gallus was the elder half brother of the emperor Julian the Apostate and cousin of the emperor Constantius II. Like Julian, with whom he grew up, he was given a strict Christian education. Constantius II proclaimed him caesar at Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica, Yugos.) on March 15, 351, and also arranged Gallus' marriage to his (Constantius') sister, Constantia. But Gallus' strict, isolated upbringing had made him stern and tactless. He instituted a widespread system of espionage among his subjects and executed a number of peoplenot all unjustlyon suspicion of treason. Meanwhile, he was suppressing revolts in Palestine and in Isauria, Galatia (in south-central Anatolia), and holding the Persians at bay. His subordinates sent unfavourable and sometimes misleading reports about him to Constantius, prompting the Emperor to recall Gallus to Constantinople, to strip him of his powers, and finally to have him executed.