GREEN, AL

born April 13, 1946, Forrest City, Ark., U.S. Al Green. byname of Albert Greene American singer-songwriter who was the most popular performer of soul music in the 1970s.By further transforming the essential relationship in soul music between the sacred and the secular, Green followed the musical and spiritual path of his greatest inspiration, Sam Cooke. At the height of his commercial success, however, Green sacrificed his fame in order to fully dedicate himself to his religious faith. In 1964, after his family moved from Arkansas to Michigan, Green and some friends formed the Creations and toured the chitlin circuit (venues that catered to African-American audiences) in the South before renaming themselves Al Green and the Soul Mates three years later. They formed their own record label, releasing the single "Back Up Train," which enjoyed moderate success on the rhythm-and-blues charts in 1968. The watershed moment for Green came in Texas in 1968 when he met Willie Mitchell, a former bandleader who served as chief producer and vice president of Hi Records in Memphis, Tennessee. Obscurity was threatening to end Green's fledgling career, but with Mitchell's help he became a star in short order. After releasing a cover version of the Beatles' "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in 1969, which exhibited his awe-inspiring vocal agility, Green recorded a fine remake of the Temptations' "I Can't Get Next to You," which reached number one on the soul charts in 1971. But it was "Tired of Being Alone" (1971), written by Green, which suggested his extraordinary potential. It sold more than a million copies, preparing the way for "Let's Stay Together," the title track from Green's first gold album. That single was his biggest hit, reaching number one on both the rhythm-and-blues and pop charts in 1972. Written by Green, Mitchell, and Al Jackson, the drummer for Booker T. and the MG's, the song reflected Mitchell's musical vision. In comparison with the grittier sound of Memphis neighbour Stax/Volt Records, Green's recordings with Mitchell offered a sophisticated and softened melody cradled by a distinctive bass sound. Green delivered gospel intensity, effortlessly soaring to the highest falsetto or plunging into a husky groan cloaked in hushed sensuality. From the tender "I'm Still in Love with You" (1972) and "Call Me (Come Back Home)" (1973) to the earthy "Love and Happiness" (1973) and "Here I Am (Come and Take Me)" (1973), Green and Mitchell experienced a string of hits through the early 1970s. In the mid-1970s, facing a profound identity crisis, Green became a minister, establishing his own church. By 1980 he had devoted himself completely to his ministry and to gospel music. Later in that decade he cautiously reemerged from his spiritual seclusion and resumed performances of his most celebrated works alongside his popular gospel recordings. Green was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. Additional reading Stanley Booth, "Psalmist of Soul: Al Green," in his Rythm Oil: A Journey Through the Music of the American South (1993), pp. 150-158, recounts a visit with Green in which the musician discussed his influences, his friends, and the relationship between his career and his religious faith. Peter Guralnick, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom (1986, reprinted 1994), an invaluable study of Memphis's crucial role in the evolution of soul music, portrays the city's Southern soul empires, illustrating the rise of Hi Records and Al Green and explaining Green's inheritance and redefinition of the Memphis Sound as well as soul music itself in the early 1970s. Representative Works: Al Green Gets Next to You (1970) I'm Still in Love with You (1972) Let's Stay Together (1972) Call Me (1973)