HARTMANN VON AUE

flourished 1190, 1210 Middle High German poet, one of the masters of the courtly epic. Hartmann's works indicate that he received a learned education at a monastery school, that he was a ministerialis at a Swabian court, and that he took part in Henry VI's ill-fated crusade of 1197. Hartmann's extant works consist of four extended narrative poems (Erec, Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich, Iwein), two shorter allegorical love poems (Bchlein I and II), and 16 lyrics (13 love songs and three crusading songs). The lyrical poems and the two Bchlein appear to have been written first, followed by the narrative poemshis most important worksin the above order. Gregorius and Der arme Heinrich are religious works with an openly didactic purpose. The latter, Hartmann's most perfect poem, tells the story of a leper who is healed by the readiness of a pure young girl to sacrifice her life for him. The two secular epics Erec and Iwein, both based on works by Chrtien de Troyes and belonging to the Arthurian cycle, enshrine Hartmann's ethical ideal of restraint and moderation in human conduct, and are complementary in that they depict the return to grace of wayward knights. Hartmann regarded his works as instruments of a moral purpose. Edifying content mattered more to him than elegance of style, and his narratives are characterized by clarity and directness, and by the avoidance of rhetorical devices and displays of poetic virtuosity.