HERCULANO DE CARVALHO E ARAJO, ALEXANDRE

born March 28, 1810, Lisbon, Port. died Sept. 13, 1877, Santarm historian, novelist, and poet, one of the writers who is credited with introducing Romanticism to Portugal. As a historian he was a leader of liberal opinion, enjoying a national prestige comparable to that of Victor Hugo in France. As a young man Herculano took part in the unsuccessful rebellion against the absolute rule of Dom Miguel and was forced into exile in England and France. In 1832 he returned to Portugal with the small army of Dom Pedro that eventually ousted Miguel and established a liberal regime. Convinced that an important cultural reform should accompany the political change, he abandoned poetry and became editor of O Panorama (1837-39), a review that kept abreast of European literary and social trends, in which he published his historical tales, later gathered in two volumes as Lendas e narrativas (1851; "Legends and Chronicles"). Elected to the cortes (parliament) in 1840, he campaigned for a democratic reform of education, but he withdrew from politics in 1841 when Costa Cabral established his authoritarian regime. From 1839, when he became librarian at the Royal Library of Ajuda, he worked on his ambitious Histria de Portugal. He also wrote historical novels in the manner of Sir Walter Scott, a genre he introduced to Portugal. The first volume of Histria de Portugal appeared in 1846. One of the finest achievements of Romantic historiography, it covers the early history of Portugal to 1279 and stresses the origin and rise of the middle class. As the result of his research in original manuscripts, he shocked his contemporaries by overturning many cherished legends. He treated the hallowed battle of Ourique, in which the tide of victory was believed to have been turned by Christ's appearance to the first king of Portugal, as a mere skirmish, denying Christ's intervention entirely. This brought a storm of protest from pulpit and press. Herculano replied by denouncing the ignorance of the clergy, and a long pamphlet war ensued. In 1851 the Costa Cabral regime was overthrown by the movement of the Regeneration, in which Herculano took part. To combat the ultraconservative elements that sought to undermine the new regime, Herculano helped found two newspapers in which he attacked political centralism and clerical influence. Although a Roman Catholic and a convinced Christian, his quarrel with the clergy led him to regard ultramontanism (the doctrine of papal supremacy over national churches) as the main enemy of liberal institutions. To this period belongs Da origem e estabelecimento da inquisicao em Portugal (1854-59; History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal). Based on hitherto unknown documents, it attempted to demonstrate that royal absolutism and clerical power had been allies in the confiscation of the property of the "New Christians" (converted Jews) through the Inquisition. He campaigned against the restoration of the monastic orders and advocated civil marriage. From 1871 he was openly critical of the new dogmas of Immaculate Conception and papal infallibility. The fourth and last volume of his history was issued in 1853. The appointment of a personal enemy to the national archives in 1856 caused Herculano to retire to farming at Vale de Lobos near Santarm.