HOLY LANCE

a relic discovered in June 1098 during the First Crusade by Christian crusaders at Antioch, in Syria. It was said to be the lance that pierced the side of Christ at the crucifixion. The recovery of the relic inspired the crusaders to take the offensive against the Muslims, routing them in battle and securing Christian possession of Antioch. Disputes about the authenticity of the lance, however, caused internal dissension among the crusaders, and its discoverer, Peter Bartholomew, was eventually discredited. Peter was a peasant who claimed that St. Andrew had appeared to him in a series of visions and revealed the location of the lance. He informed the leaders of the First Crusade of his visions, and though Bishop Adhmar of Le Puy was skeptical of their authenticity, Count Raymond of Toulouse was impressed and commanded that a solemn search be conducted for the lance. Peter led them to the Cathedral of St. Peter in Antioch and indicated where the lance would be located. After a day of fruitless digging, he leaped into the hole and produced a piece of iron that was assumed to be the relic. Most of the crusaders accepted its authenticity and carried the lance with them into battle against the Muslims. After the recovery of the lance, Peter claimed that St. Andrew reappeared to him at various times, giving him instructions for the prosecution of the crusade. With the proliferation of Peter's visions and his attacks on the memory of Bishop Adhmar (died 1098)who had never believed Peter's claimspeople began to doubt the visions and challenged the authenticity of the Holy Lance. When Peter submitted himself to an ordeal by fire to test the validity of his claims, he was fatally burned, and the Holy Lance was discredited. Raymond of Toulouse's prestige suffered as a consequence of his acceptance of Peter's visions.