IRISH REBELLION

(1798), an uprising of Irish Roman Catholics seeking parliamentary reform and complete Catholic emancipation. During 1795 an alliance between radicals and discontented sections of the working class had brought a new association of United Irishmen into being; it was secret and organized on military lines and aimed at a radical reform of the Irish Parliament and a national government. Agrarian discontent was rife, and many of the Irish peasantry who had formed secret societies of their own joined the new society. But in the north of Ireland, agrarian strife took a sectarian form, the Catholic defenders clashing with the Protestant Peep O'Day Boys and with the Orange Society, founded in 1795, which was strongly conservative. A large French expedition sailed for Ireland in 1796 under the command of General Lazare Hoche, together with the radical Irishman T. Wolfe Tone, who had gone to France at the beginning of the year to obtain help for the United Irishmen. Storms scattered the fleet; and, though some ships reached Bantry Bay, no troops were landed. The Irish government, threatened by internal conspiracy and foreign invasion, displayed an unconciliatory determination, passing an Insurrection Act in 1796 and suspending the Habeas Corpus Act. During 1797 General Gerard (afterward 1st Viscount) Lake confiscated private arms in the north and suppressed the Northern Star, a lively radical newspaper published in Belfast. In the early months of 1798 the tension greatly increased: the United Irishmen were preparing for rebellion, and the government was desperately trying to break their organization. The government managed to arrest a number of the radical leaders in the spring, but in May the rising broke out. Only in eastern Ulster and Wexford was the rising widespread. The rebels in the north were defeated at Antrim and Ballinahinch; while the Wexford rebels defeated the government troops in some engagements but failed to take New Ross and Arklow. By the middle of June large forces of government troops under General Lake were concentrated in Wexford, and the rebels were defeated at Vinegar Hill (June 21, 1798). The rebellion was almost over when a small French force landed near Killala; it won a victory at Castlebar but was soon surrounded and captured. A large number of the Irish rebels were sent off to the penal colonies of Australia. The chief effect of the rebellion was Prime Minister William Pitt's Act of Union, which abolished the Irish Parliament, Ireland being henceforth represented in the British Parliament at Westminster.