ITURBIDE, AGUSTN DE

born Sept. 27, 1783, Valladolid, Viceroyalty of New Spain [now Morelia, Mexico] died July 19, 1824, Padilla, Mexico also called (182223) Agustn I Mexican caudillo (military chieftain) who became the leader of the conservative factions in the Mexican independence movement and, as Agustn I, briefly emperor of Mexico. Like many young men of the upper classes in Spanish America, Iturbide entered the army, becoming an officer in the provincial regiment of his native city in 1797. In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla offered him a post with his revolutionary army, but Iturbide refused and joined the royalists instead. His defense of Valladolid against the revolutionary forces of Jos Mara Morelos dealt a crushing blow to the insurgents, and for this victory Iturbide was given command of the military district of Guanajuato and Michoacn. In 1816, however, grave charges of extortion and violence caused his removal. By 1820 the radical independence movement was almost entirely extinguished. Both Hidalgo and Morelos had been captured and executed; only guerrilla bands (under the command of General Vicente Guerrero) prevented the complete victory of the royalists. The Mexican independence movement then performed a curious about-face. In reaction to a liberal coup d'tat in Spain, the conservatives in Mexico (formerly staunch royalists) advocated immediate independence. Iturbide assumed command of the army and, at Iguala, allied his reactionary force with Guerrero's radical insurgents. Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, published on Feb. 24, 1821, proclaimed three guarantees: (1) immediate independence from Spain, (2) equality for Spaniards and Creoles, and (3) the supremacy of Roman Catholicism and a ban on all other religions. The Army of the Three Guarantees quickly subjugated the country; on Aug. 24, 1821, Juan O'Donoj, the new representative of the Spanish king, signed the Treaty of Crdoba, recognizing the independence of Mexico. The revolutionary coalition quickly fell apart as Iturbide removed Guerrero and his insurgent following from influence. On May 19, 1822, Iturbide placed the crown upon his own head and became Agustn I, emperor of Mexico. An arbitrary and extravagant ruler, he proved unable to bring order and stability to his country, and all parties soon turned against him. Opposition solidified behind Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, whose own plan called for Iturbide's exile. On March 19, 1823, Iturbide abdicated and went first to Italy and then to England. In 1824, however, he returned to Mexico, unaware that the congress had decreed his death. Captured on July 15, he was executed four days later. Although regarded by most scholars as a self-serving military adventurer, he has remained for the Roman Catholic church and for the conservative classes the great hero of Mexican independence.