JOSEL OF ROSHEIM,

also called Joselmann, or Joselin, Of Rosheim, or Joseph Ben Gershon Loans born c. 1478, Alsace? died March 1554, Rosheim, Alsace [now in France] famous shtadlan (advocate who protected the interests and pled the cause of the Jewish people); through persistent legal exertions, he aborted many incipient acts of persecution. Josel's career as a shtadlan began in the reign of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I and lasted through most of that of Charles V. A relative of several religious martyrs, Josel realized keenly the precarious status of German Jewry, which was caught between rival imperial, municipal, and Christian religious sovereignties. By his diplomatic skills, he found listeners at the imperial court, which, through him, sought to strengthen its own hold over the Jewish communities. Thus, when Rosheim's Jewish community was threatened in 1525 by marauding peasants, Josel, by a combination of bribery and persuasion, elicited their promise to pillage Rosheim last of all the towns. When its time came, the peasants were too tired and sated to sack Rosheim. Soon after the coronation in 1520 of the emperor Charles V, Josel presented him with a memorandum that convincingly refuted the popular accusation that the Jews were allies of the expanding Ottoman Empire; this document averted proposed anti-Semitic measures. In the same year, Josel tried to further reduce anti-Semitism by persuading the government that the Jews unanimously desired better relations with it. As evidence, Josel convoked an assembly of representatives of all German Jewish communities, the decisions of which on Jewish business practices were submitted for approval to the Diet of Augsburg. Josel's writings, including his memoirs, are partially extant.