LEGAL PROFESSION

vocation that is based on expertise in the law and in its applications. Although there are other ways of defining the profession, this simple definition may be best, despite the fact that in some countries there are several professions and even some occupations (e.g., police service) that require such expertise but that may not be considered to be within the legal profession at all. Additional reading J.H. Wigmore, Panorama of the World's Legal Systems, 3 vol. (1928, reissued in 1 vol., 1936), a comparative historical survey; Derk Bodde and Clarence Morris, Law in Imperial China (1967, reprinted 1973), a comprehensive account closely based on original sources; Robert J. Bonner, Lawyers and Litigants in Ancient Athens: The Genesis of the Legal Profession (1927, reprinted 1969); Fritz Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (1946, reprinted 1967), one of the few books on Roman law concentrating on the role of lawyers; Harold Dexter Hazeltine, Roman and Canon Law in the Middle Ages, in The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 5, ch. 21, pp. 697764 (1926, reprinted 1968), a classic account; Herman J. Cohen, History of the English Bar and Attornatus to 1450 (1929, reprinted 1967), a classic account of the history of the legal profession in the Middle Ages; Michael Birks, Gentlemen of the Law (1960), a definitive work on the English solicitor; R.E. Megarry, Lawyer and Litigant in England (1962); and Brian Abel-Smith and Robert Stevens, Lawyers and the Courts: A Sociological Study of the English Legal System, 17501965 (1967), two opposing views of the legal profession in England; Sir Fred Phillips, The Evolving Legal Profession in the Commonwealth (1978), a comparative survey of the legal profession, ethics, and education in countries with legal systems modeled on the English; Dietrich Rschemeyer, Lawyers and Their Society (1973), a comparative study of the profession in West Germany and the United States; Mary Ann Glendon, Michael Wallace Gordon, and Christopher Osakwe, Comparative Legal Traditions (1985), an introduction to the study of Romano-Germanic, English, and socialist law with material on the legal profession in those systems; C.J. Dias et al. (eds.), Lawyers in the Third World: Comparative and Developmental Perspectives (1981); Hideo Tanaka (ed.), The Japanese Legal System (1976, reprinted 1982).