LYON, COUNCILS OF

13th and 14th ecumenical councils of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1245 Pope Innocent IV fled to Lyon from the besieged city of Rome. Having convened a general council attended by only about 150 bishops, the Pope renewed the church's excommunication of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II and declared him deposed on the four counts of perjury, disturbing the peace, sacrilege, and suspicion of heresy. During the council the Pope also urged support for Louis IX, king of France, who was making preparations for the Seventh Crusade. The second Council of Lyon was convened by Pope Gregory X in 1274 after Michael VIII Palaeologus, the Byzantine emperor, gave assurances that the Orthodox Church was prepared to reunite with Rome. By acknowledging the supremacy of the pope, Michael hoped to gain financial support for his wars of conquest. Accordingly, a profession of faith, which included sections on purgatory, the sacraments, and the primacy of the pope, was approved by the Orthodox representatives and some 200 Western prelates, and reunion was formally accepted. The Greek clergy, however, soon repudiated the reunion. The council also formulated and approved strict regulations to ensure the speedy election of future popes, and it placed restrictions on certain religious orders.