TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF

18 councils of the Roman Catholic church in Spain, held in Toledo from about 400 to 702. At least 11 of these councils were considered national or plenary; the rest were provincial or local. The acts of all except the 18th have been preserved. A majority of those attending the councils were bishops, but some abbots, priests, deacons, and members of the lay nobility also attended. Though ecclesiastical in nature, the councils were often important in Spanish civil and political affairs. Nearly all were convoked by kings, sometimes with the primary purpose of gaining political support from the Spanish church. At the third Council of Toledo in 589, King Recared, a previous Arian, read a profession of faith in which he accepted the Catholic faith and anathematized Arius. Because of the king's conversion, many bishops and people accepted the Catholic faith. Visigothic Spain was then unified, and Catholicism was established as the state religion. Of the other councils, the 11th in 675 was especially important theologically for its profession of faith. The following are the dates of the several councils: Ic. 400 IIc. 527/531 III589 IV633 V636 VI638 VII646 VIII653 IX655 X656 XI675 XII681 XIII683 XIV684 XV688 XVI693 XVII694 XVIII702 In addition to these 18 early councils, at least 10 other councils were held in Toledo from the 11th to the 16th century. They were important in the canonical history of Spain.