MACDONALD, SIR JOHN (ALEXANDER)

born Jan. 11, 1815, Glasgow died June 6, 1891, Ottawa Sir John Macdonald, lithograph, 19th century the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada (186773, 187891), who led Canada through its period of early growth. Though accused of devious and unscrupulous methods, he is remembered for his achievements. Macdonald emigrated from Scotland to Kingston, in what is now Ontario, in 1820. He was called to the bar in 1836. After the British Parliament united Upper and Lower Canada as Canada West (now in Ontario) and Canada East (now in Quebec) in the Act of Union of 1840, Macdonald was elected to the assembly of the Province of Canada as a Conservative for Kingston in 1844. From 1848 to 1854, while his party was in opposition, Macdonald worked at promoting the British America League, designed to unify Canada and strengthen its ties to Great Britain. Growing sympathy for reform led him to bring about a coalition government in 1854 with Sir George tienne Cartier (q.v.), leader of Canada East, out of which developed the Liberal-Conservative Party, with Macdonald its leader. He became prime minister of the Province of Canada in 1857. In June 1864 Macdonald and Cartier joined with their chief opponent, George Brown, in order to further the scheme of confederation of British North America. After conferences in Charlottetown, P.E.I.; Quebec; and London, the British North America Act was passed (1867), creating the Dominion of Canada, and Macdonald became its first leader. He was created Knight Commander of the Bath in that year in recognition of his services to the British Empire. Under Macdonald's leadership, the dominion quickly expanded to include the provinces of Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873). The Pacific Scandal of 1873, in which the government was accused of taking bribes in regard to the Pacific railway contract, forced Macdonald to resign; but he returned as prime minister five years later and served until his death. Commercial policy was the main issue of the general election of 1878. The Liberals supported free trade; but after several years of depression the country preferred Macdonald's policy of trade protectionism, which he applied swiftly and thoroughly once he had returned to power. He also aided in the completion of the Pacific railway. During his final years, he dealt with challenges to Canadian unity, including a rebellion in the northwest. His guiding principle was always loyalty to the Commonwealth and independence from the United States; he remained true to his declaration, A British subject I was born; a British subject I will die.