MANNYNG (OF BRUNNE), ROBERT

flourished c. 1330 early English poet and author of Handlyng Synne, a poem of popular morality, and of the chronicle Story of England. The works are preserved independently in several manuscripts, none of certain provenance. The author is probably to be identified with a Sir Robert de Brunne, chaplain, named as executor in a Lincoln will of 1327; apart from this mention, his biography can only be reconstructed from his writings. He was at the University of Cambridge around 1300. For 15 years (c. 1302c. 1317) Mannyng was a Gilbertine canon at Sempringham priory, Lincolnshire, where in 1303 he began Handlyng Synne and was still working at it after 1307. For many years he was engaged on the Story of England, which, he relates, was finished between 3 and 4 o'clock, on Friday, May 15, 1338. Handlyng Synne is an adaptation in about 13,000 lines, in short couplets poorly versified, of the Manuel des Pchs (Handbook of Sins), which is usually ascribed to William of Waddington (or Widdington), an Englishman, probably a Yorkshireman, writing in Anglo-Norman between 1250 and 1270. Like Waddington, Mannyng aimed to provide a handbook that should serve to stimulate careful self-examination as preparation for confession. Mannyng deals in turn with the Ten Commandments, the seven deadly sins and the sin of sacrilege, the seven sacraments, the 12 requisites of confession, and the 12 graces of confession. There is much direct instruction, exhortation, and didactic comment; each of the topics is illustrated by one or more tales. These exempla have sometimes been considered to provide the particular interest of the work. The whole work is designed for oral delivery. Mannyng's merit as a storyteller lies in his apt management of material and in his lucid, direct narration. Otherwise the literary merits of Handlyng Synne are negligible, although its documentary value for social history is great. It illustrates clearly the attitudes and values of the English minor clergy and peasantry in the early 14th century; throughout there is much comment on the social, domestic, parochial, and commercial scene. Of similar literary quality is Mannyng's later work, the Story of England, but the basis of the Story of England is fiction. As history it is almost worthless. The work falls into two parts. The first tells the story from the biblical Noah to the death of the British king Caedwalla in 689. In the second part, he takes the story to the death of Edward I (1307). Of particular interest is his incorporation of elements of popular romance, such as the story of Guy of Warwick's encounter with the giant Colbrand, which he inserts into his account of Athelstan. He works into his narrative several topical songs, mainly on the Scottish wars of Edward I's time.