MANSFIELD, MICHAEL J(OSEPH)

born March 16, 1903, New York City byname Mike Mansfield Democratic Party majority leader in the U.S. Senate (196177) and U.S. ambassador to Japan from 1977 to 1988. Reared by relatives in Montana, Mansfield dropped out of school before completing the eighth grade. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy at the age of 14 and served in military transport during World War I until his age was discovered and he was discharged. He then enlisted in the army and later the marine corps, serving in several remote outposts. Mansfield spent most of the 1920s working in Montana copper mines, but his wife persuaded him to finish school, and in 1933 he earned both his high school and college diplomas (A.B., University of Montana, 1933). In 1934 he obtained his master's degree and joined the faculty of the University of Montana, eventually becoming a full professor of Far Eastern and Latin-American history. In 1940 Mansfield made his first bid for elective office, running third in a three-candidate Democratic primary. But in 1942 he was elected to the House of Representatives and became an active member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. He advised presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman on U.S. foreign policy toward China and Japan and maintained a solidly liberal voting record on domestic issues. In 1952 Mansfield won a seat in the Senate, despite the accusations of Senator Joseph R. McCarthy that he was soft on communism. A prominent member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Mansfield in 1957 became majority whip. He succeeded Lyndon Johnson as Senate majority leader when Johnson became vice president in 1961. Reelected to the Senate in 1958, 1964, and 1970, Mansfield refused Johnson's offer to run for vice president in 1964. Throughout the 1960s he became increasingly vocal in his criticism of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, and in 1971 he sponsored a bill calling for a ceasefire and the phased withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam. In 1973 he backed the war powers bill, limiting presidential authority to engage the country in undeclared military conflicts abroad. Mansfield became a persistent critic of President Richard Nixon, especially during the Watergate investigation. In 1976 he retired from the Senate, but he returned to government service early the next year as part of a commission seeking information about missing U.S. servicemen in Indochina. In 1977 President Jimmy Carter appointed Mansfield U.S. ambassador to Japan, and he kept the post during both terms of President Ronald Reagan, finally retiring in 1988.