MARSHALL, CLARA

born May 8, 1847, West Chester, Pa., U.S. died March 13, 1931, Bryn Mawr, Pa. American physician and educator, whose leadership engendered a notable increase in quality and course offerings at the Women's Medical College. Marshall was of a prominent Quaker family. At the age of 24, after having taught school for a time, she enrolled in the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. On graduating in 1875 she was appointed a demonstrator in materia medica (drugs or medical remedies) and practical pharmacy in the college, and that same year she became the first woman admitted to the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. After a year of study there, during which her academic standing earned her the honour of arranging the pharmaceutical display at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, Marshall returned to the Woman's Medical College as professor of materia medica and therapeutics. She retained that post until 1905. In 1882 she served also as demonstrator in obstetrics at the Philadelphia Hospital; she was the first woman on the staff of that institution. From 1886 she was attending physician to the girls' department of the Philadelphia House of Refuge. In 1888 Marshall was named dean of the Woman's Medical College. Under her leadership the course and facilities of the school were greatly expanded and improved. The course was lengthened from three to four years in 1893, and from 1896 instruction and laboratory work in the new field of bacteriology and related subjects were added. To supply critical clinical experience, Marshall determined to open a hospital directly associated with the college. The small Pavilion Hospital opened in 1904. A larger hospital in permanent quarters was completed in 1913. The success of Marshall's work to keep the school's standards up to the demands of modern scientific training was reflected in the laudatory comments of Abraham Flexner on the school in his influential and often scathing report, Medical Education (1910). After 1905 Marshall gave up teaching in order to devote more time to private practice. She retired as dean in 1917 and resigned her emeritus professorship in 1923.