MECHANICAL ENERGY

sum of the kinetic energy, or energy of motion, and the potential energy, or energy stored in a system by reason of the position of its parts. Mechanical energy is constant in a system that has only gravitational forces or in an otherwise idealized systemthat is, one lacking dissipative forces, such as friction and air resistance, or one in which such forces can be reasonably neglected. Thus, a swinging pendulum has its greatest kinetic energy and least potential energy in the vertical position, in which its speed is greatest and its height above the Earth least; it has its least kinetic energy and greatest potential energy at the extremities of its swing, in which its speed is zero and its height is greatest. As the pendulum moves, energy is continuously passing back and forth between the two forms. Neglecting friction at the pivot and air resistance, the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the pendulum, or its mechanical energy, is constant. Actually the mechanical energy of the system is diminished at the end of each swing by the tiny amount of energy transferred out of the system by the work done by the pendulum in opposition to the forces of friction and air resistance. The mechanical energy of the Earth-Moon system is nearly constant as it is rhythmically interchanged between its kinetic and potential forms. When the Moon is farthest from the Earth in its nearly elliptical orbit, its speed is least. Its kinetic energy has become least, and its potential energy is greatest. When the Moon is closest to the Earth, it travels fastest; some potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy.