MONROE, MARILYN

born June 1, 1926, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S. died Aug. 5, 1962, Los Angeles original name Norma Jean Mortenson, also called Norma Jean Baker American actress who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s. Norma Jean Mortenson later took her mother's name, Baker. Her mother was frequently confined in an asylum, and Norma Jean was reared by 12 successive sets of foster parents and, for a time, in an orphanage. In 1942 she married a fellow worker in an aircraft factory, but they divorced soon after World War II. She became a popular photographer's model and in 1946 signed a short-term contract with Twentieth Century Fox, taking as her screen name Marilyn Monroe. After a few brief appearances in movies made by the Fox and Columbia studios, she was again unemployed, and she returned to modeling for photographers. Her nude photograph on a calendar brought her a role in the film Scudda-Hoo! Scudda-Hay! (1948), which was followed by other minor roles. In 1950 Monroe played a small uncredited role in The Asphalt Jungle that reaped a mountain of fan mail. An appearance in All About Eve (1950) won her another contract from Fox and much recognition. In a succession of movies, including Let's Make It Legal (1951), Love Nest (1951), Clash by Night (1952), and Niagara (1953), she advanced to star billing on the strength of her studio-fostered image as a love goddess. With performances in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), and There's No Business Like Show Business (1954), her fame grew steadily and spread throughout the world, and she became the object of unprecedented popular adulation. In 1954 she married baseball star Joe DiMaggio, and the attendant publicity was enormous. With the end of their marriage less than a year later she began to grow discontented with her career. Monroe studied with Lee Strasberg at the Actors' Studio in New York City, and in The Seven-Year Itch (1955) and Bus Stop (1956) she began to emerge as a talented comedienne. In 1956 she married playwright Arthur Miller and briefly retired from moviemaking, although she costarred with Sir Laurence Olivier in The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). She won critical acclaim for the first time as a serious actress for Some Like It Hot (1959). Her last role, in The Misfits (1961), was written by Miller, whom she had divorced the year before. After several months as a virtual recluse, Monroe died in her Los Angeles home in 1962, having taken an overdose of sleeping pills. In their first runs, Monroe's 23 movies grossed a total of more than $200 million, and her fame surpassed that of any other entertainer of her time. Her early image as a dumb and seductive blonde gave way in later years to the tragic figure of a sensitive and insecure woman unable to escape the pressures of Hollywood. Her vulnerability and sensuousness combined with her needless death eventually raised her to the status of an American cultural icon. Additional reading Monroe's life and career are covered in Anthony Summers, Goddess: The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe (1985); Gloria Steinem and George Barris, Marilyn (1986); and Berniece Baker Miracle and Mona Rae Miracle, My Sister Marilyn (1994), written by her half-sister and her niece. S. Paige Baty, American Monroe (1995), examines America's fascination with Monroe.