MOZAMBIQUE, HISTORY OF

history of the area from prehistoric and ancient times to the present. During the colonial era Mozambique's history was written as though it began with the arrival of the Portuguese, but the people of this region had developed complex communities based on agriculture, cattle keeping, mining, crafts, and trade long before the first small groups of Portuguese settlers arrived in the 16th century. Recent archaeological and historical research has begun to reintegrate Mozambique's past into that of eastern, central, and southern Africa. Additional reading Mozambique's history to independence is chronicled in Malyn Newitt, Portuguese Settlement on the Zambesi (1973), and A History of Mozambique (1995); Allen F. Isaacman, Mozambique: The Africanization of a European Institution: The Zambesi Prazos, 17501902 (1972); Allen F. Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman, The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique (1976), covering 18501921, and Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 19001982 (1983); Ren Plissier, Naissance du Mozambique: rsistance et rvoltes anticoloniales (18541918), 2 vol. (1984), the most detailed source for the late slave era and conquest; Leroy Vail and Landeg White, Capitalism and Colonialism in Mozambique: A Study of Quelimane District (1980), an excellent study of the colonial experience in Mozambique; Thomas H. Henriksen, Revolution and Counterrevolution: Mozambique's War of Independence, 19641974 (1983), the most complete study in English of the independence struggle; and Eduardo Mondlane, The Struggle for Mozambique (1969, reissued 1983), a classic study of Mozambique's struggle to overcome colonial domination, written by the first president of Frelimo. David Birmingham, Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique (1992), focuses on the period from 1961 to 1975. William Minter, Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique (1994), also discusses the civil wars. Works analyzing the revolution and subsequent events include Joseph Hanlon, Mozambique: The Revolution Under Fire (1984, reprinted 1990), a sympathetic review of Frelimo's efforts to build a more egalitarian society, and Mozambique: Who Calls the Shots? (1991), a study of the country's economic and administrative near-collapse in the face of Renamo assaults, drought, and population displacement; Alex Vines, Renamo: Terrorism in Mozambique (1991), a complete investigation of the organization's people, power structure, and international support networks; and William Finnegan, A Complicated War: The Harrowing of Mozambique (1992), emphasizing the complex internal relationships which, along with the international dynamic of destabilization and military assaults in the country since independence, have fueled the destruction. Colin Darch and Calisto Pacheleke, Mozambique (1987), is an excellent annotated bibliography on all aspects of the country. Jeanne Marie Penvenne The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica