NIVELLE, ROBERT-GEORGES

born Oct. 15, 1856, Tulle, France died March 23, 1924, Paris commander in chief of the French armies on the Western Front for five months in World War I. His career was wrecked by the failure of his offensive in the spring of 1917. Nivelle graduated from the cole Polytechnique in 1878, served in Indochina, Algeria, and China as an artillery officer, and was made a general of brigade in October 1914 after World War I began. In 1915 he rose to command a division and then the 3rd Corps, which helped stem the German offensive at the Battle of Verdun early in 1916. In May 1916 he succeeded General Philippe Ptain as commander of the 2nd Army at Verdun. His use of creeping artillery barrages in two dazzlingly successful French counterattacks there (October, December 1916) enabled the French to retake nearly all the ground gained by the Germans over the previous six months. That December, Nivelle was promoted over many senior officers to succeed General Joseph-Jacques Joffre as commander in chief of the French armies. He then proclaimed that his methods at Verdun could win the war. David Lloyd George, the British prime minister, heartily subscribed to Nivelle's advocacy of frontal assaults carried out in close coordination with massive artillery bombardments, and he placed the British armies in France under Nivelle's command for his great offensive. Nivelle, however, steadily lost the confidence of his own chief subordinates, and his final offensive on the Aisne front (April 1917) failed to break through German lines and cost France 120,000 casualties. The next month there were widespread mutinies in the French armies. On May 15, 1917, Nivelle was replaced by Ptain as commander in chief, and in December 1917 he was transferred to North Africa.