PHILIP V

born 238 BC died 179, Amphipolis, Macedonia king of Macedonia from 221 to 179, whose attempt to extend Macedonian influence throughout Greece resulted in his defeat by Rome. His career is significant mainly as an episode in Rome's expansion. The son of Demetrius II and his wife Phthia (Chryseis), the young prince was adopted, after his father's death in 229, by his half-cousin Antigonus Doson, who took the throne. Philip succeeded upon Antigonus' death (summer 221) and soon won renown by supporting the Hellenic League in its war against Sparta, Aetolia, and Elis (220-217). In 215 Philip, allied with Hannibal, the Carthaginian general who was invading Italy (Second Punic War), attacked the Roman client states in Illyria and initiated 10 years of inconclusive warfare against Rome (First Macedonian War). The Romans countered his moves by an alliance with the Greek cities of the Aetolian League, but Philip effectively aided his allies. When the Romans withdrew in 207, he forced an independent settlement upon Aetolia (206) and concluded the war with Rome on favourable terms (Peace of Phoenice, 205). Philip then turned to the east. He plotted against Rhodes and in 203-202 conspired with Antiochus III of Syria to plunder the possessions of the Egyptian king Ptolemy V. But the people of Rhodes and Pergamum defeated Philip at sea off Chios (201) and so exaggerated reports of his aggression that Rome decided to declare war (Second Macedonian War, 200-196). The Roman campaigns in Macedonia (199) and Thessaly (198) shook Philip's position in Greece, and in 197 the Romans decisively defeated him at Cynoscephalae in Thessaly. The terms of the peace confined Philip to Macedonia; he had to surrender 1,000 talents indemnity and most of his fleet and deposit hostages, including his younger son, Demetrius, at Rome. Until 189 Philip aided Rome against her enemies on the Greek peninsula. As a reward his tribute was remitted and his son restored (190). Philip devoted the last decade of his life to consolidating his kingdom. He reorganized finances, transplanted populations, reopened mines, and issued central and local currencies. Neighbouring states constantly and successfully accused him at Rome, however. Becoming convinced that Rome intended to destroy him, he extended his authority into the Balkans in three campaigns (184, 183, 181). In 179, while pursuing a scheme for directing the Bastarnae against the Dardanians, Philip died. He had been a fine soldier and a popular king whose plans for expansion lacked consistent aims and achieved only temporary success. born Dec. 19, 1683, Versailles, Fr. died July 9, 1746, Madrid also called (until 1700) Philippe, Duc (duke) D'anjou king of Spain from 1700 (except for a brief period from January to August 1724) and founder of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. During his reign Spain regained much of its former influence in international affairs. Philip was a son of the dauphin Louis (son of Louis XIV of France) and of Marie Anne, daughter of Ferdinand, elector of Bavaria. Philip's whole career was influenced by the fact that he was a grandson of Louis XIV of France and a great grandson of Philip IV, king of Spain. Philip held the title of duc d'Anjou until 1700, when he emerged as a person of political importance. In that year Charles II, the last Habsburg king of Spain, who died without issue, left Philip all his possessions (Spain, Spanish America, the Spanish Netherlands, and parts of Italy). The refusal of Louis XIV to exclude Philip from the line of succession to the French throne resulted in the War of the Spanish Succession. The Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713, deprived Philip of the Spanish Netherlands and of the Italian possessions of the Spanish Habsburgs, but left him the throne of Spain and Spanish America. During the first 13 years of Philip's reign France had a dominant influence on the Spanish court, and the French ambassador had a place on the inmost council of state. After the death of his first wife (Mara Luisa of Savoy) in 1714, Philip came under the influence of his second wife, Princess Isabella Farnese, who was the niece and stepdaughter of the duke of Parma. Because of Isabella's desire to secure territories in Italy for her sons, Spain became embroiled in conflict with Austria, Great Britain, France, and the United Provinces but managed to secure the succession of Philip and Isabella's oldest son, Don Carlos (later Charles III of Spain), to the duchy of Parma. Philip abdicated from the Spanish throne in January 1724 in favour of his oldest son, Luis, but was persuaded to become king again after Luis died of smallpox in August 1724. Philip's reign is noted primarily for the governmental and economic reforms instituted by his French and Italian advisers. Philip had few intimate friends; his chief interests were religion, hunting, and music. During the last years of his reign he often lapsed into periods of insanity, and his wife largely controlled public affairs. born c. 1293 died Jan. 3, 1322 byname Philip The Tall, French Philippe Le Long king of France (from 1316) and king of Navarre (as Philip II, from 1314), who largely succeeded in restoring the royal power to what it had been under his father, Philip IV. Philip was the second son of Philip IV, who made him count of Poitiers in 1311. When his elder brother, King Louis X, died in 1316, leaving an infant daughter Joan by his adulterous first wife, and a pregnant widow, Philip won recognition as regent for the unborn child and then, upon its death in November 1316, five days after birth, declared himself king. Anointed at Reims in January 1317, Philip quickly moved to consolidate his position, and on February 2 an assembly of barons, prelates, Parisian bourgeois, and doctors of the University of Paris recognized him as king, enunciating the principle that Joan, as a woman, could not succeed to the throne of France. Anxious to ensure peace and order as a means to the prosperity of the kingdom, Philip established a system of local militias under officers responsible to the crown; he also increased the efficiency of government machinery at all levels and checked the abuses of local officials. He was succeeded by his brother, Charles IV. Additional reading F.W. Walbank, Philip V of Macedon (1940, reissued 1967), is a biography.