PHOTIUS, SAINT

born c. 820, , Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey] died 10th century, ?; feast day February 6 patriarch of Constantinople (858-867 and 877-886), defender of the autonomous traditions of his church against Rome and leading figure of the 9th-century Byzantine renascence. Additional reading Francis Dvornik, The Photian Schism: History and Legend (1948, reprinted 1970), supersedes the older view of the contribution of Photius to the schism between the Eastern and Western Churches that is summarized by J. Ruinaut in Le Schisme de Photius (1910); and by Louis Brhier, "The Greek Church: Its Relations with the West up to 1054" and "Attempts at Reunion of the Greek and Latin Churches," vol. 4, pp. 246-273, 594-626, The Cambridge Medieval History (1923). Informative articles by F. Dvornik, "Constantinople and Rome," and H. Gregoire, "The Amorians and Macedonians, 842-1025," appear in vol. 4, pt. 2, pp. 431-472, 105-192, The Cambridge Medieval History, new ed. (1966), with useful bibliographies. See Cyril Mango (ed. and trans.), The Homilies of Photius (1958). Other works of his are still most easily accessible in J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Graeco-Latina, vol. 101-104 (1866) with the Myriobiblon or Bibliotheca filling vol. 103. Of the older books, J.B. Bury, A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I., A.D. 802-867 (1912); and J.M. Hussey, Church and Learning in the Byzantine Empire, 867-1185 (1937), especially the chapter on "Learning Under the Macedonians in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries," pp. 22-36, may still be used with profit.