PREPAREDNESS MOVEMENT

in U.S. history, a campaign prior to U.S. entry into World War I (April 1917) to increase U.S. military capabilities and to convince the U.S. citizenry of the need for American involvement in the conflict. Almost immediately after the outbreak of hostilities in Europe, a small number of Americans-former president Theodore Roosevelt being among the most prominent-sought to persuade the Wilson administration and the population at large that the nation must prepare itself for war. The fate of occupied Belgium served as an example of what could happen to an unprepared nation. Roosevelt wrote two books on the subject, America and the World War (1915) and Fear God and Take Your Own Part (1916), that helped popularize the Preparedness Movement. Joining Roosevelt was Gen. Leonard Wood, who backed the "Plattsburg Idea"-a summer training camp for potential officers at Plattsburg, N.Y., where business and professional men were drilled in military fundamentals. Both Roosevelt and Wood favoured universal conscription, and they publicly criticized Wilson's opposition to a large standing army and his advocacy of unarmed neutrality. Organizations such as the National Security League, American Defense Society, League to Enforce Peace, and American Rights Committee sponsored preparedness parades and sought to pressure Wilson into strengthening national defenses. Initially, however, Wilson was unmoved by-and even hostile to-the preparedness advocates. Not until German submarine attacks and especially the sinking of the "Lusitania" (May 7, 1915) did the administration begin to favour an increase in armaments. With passage of the National Defense Act (June 3, 1916) and a subsequent naval appropriations measure authorizing an enormous increase in U.S. armed forces, the Preparedness Movement became largely superfluous. It disappeared when mobilization began in earnest following U.S. entry into the war.