PRIVY COUNCIL

historically, the British sovereign's private council. Once powerful, the Privy Council has long ceased to be an active body, having lost most of its judicial and political functions since the middle of the 17th century. This atrophy set in largely because the sovereign ceased to have responsibility for political decisions; and, on occasions when the monarch was concerned with an issue, informal meetings were held with the politically more powerful cabinet. In modern times, meetings of the Privy Council are held for the making of formal decisions. The Privy Council is descended from the curia regis, which was made up of the king's tenants in chief, household officials, and anyone else the king chose. This group performed all the functions of government in either small groups, which became the king's council, or large groups, which grew into the great council and Parliament. By the time of Henry VII, the king's council had become the instrument of the crown; it was made up of the Privy Council, the courts of Chancery, Star Chamber, and High Commission, and their local subsidiaries. The council system worked well as long as the king was capable of choosing the right men and providing leadership. The Stuarts were unable to do this, and jealousy and anger at the council's political activities grew among parliamentarians and common lawyers. Amid the religious and constitutional controversies of the mid-17th century, the council system was swept away, but the Privy Council was never formally abolished. It was revived under Charles II, but after that the crown turned more and more to the cabinet. An attempt to return the Privy Council to power was made in the Act of Settlement of 1701 (Hanoverian Succession), but it proved futile. From the time of the accession of George I the Privy Council became a purely formal body meeting on purely formal occasions to transact formal business. By 1960 there were more than 300 members, mostly dignitaries who held or had held high political, judicial, or ecclesiastical office, along with an occasional eminent person in science or letters. There is, however, a Privy Council office, with the lord president of the council as responsible minister. It is concerned with the making of orders in council and with a wide variety of functions derived mainly from the power of the sovereign in council to issue royal charters, chiefly to municipal corporations and to charitable bodies engaged in education, research, and the encouragement of literature, science, and the arts. The council bears the main responsibility for research through the department of scientific and industrial research. Usually it functions through committees, the most noteworthy of which, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (q.v.), is set up by statute and hears appeals from ecclesiastical courts, prize courts, and courts from the colonies as well as some independent members of the Commonwealth.