PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS

also called Sentential Calculus, in logic, symbolic system of treating compound and complex propositions and their logical relationships. As opposed to the predicate calculus, the propositional calculus employs simple, unanalyzed propositions rather than terms or noun expressions as its atomic units; and, as opposed to the functional calculus, it treats only propositions that do not contain variables. Simple (atomic) propositions are denoted by letters, and compound (molecular) propositions are formed using the standard symbols: for and, for or, for if . . . then, and ~ for not. As a formal system the propositional calculus is concerned with determining which formulas (compound proposition forms) are provable from the axioms. Valid inferences among propositions are reflected by the provable formulas, because (for any A and B) A B is provable if and only if B is always a logical consequence of A. The propositional calculus is consistent in that there exists no formula in it such that both A and ~A are provable. It is also complete in the sense that the addition of any unprovable formula as a new axiom would introduce a contradiction. Further, there exists an effective procedure for deciding whether a given formula is provable in the system. See also predicate calculus; thought, laws of.