PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH

also called Episcopal Church, autonomous church in the United States. It was part of the Anglican Communion, formally organized in Philadelphia in 1789 as the successor to the Church of England in the American Colonies. In points of doctrine, worship, and ministerial order, the church descended from and has remained associated with the Church of England. The history of the church began with the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. As more settlers arrived in America, the church spread and was the established church in several colonies. It was limited in its work, however, because no bishop was sent to the colonies, and only bishops could ordain priests and confirm church members. When the American War of Independence began in 1775, there were about 300 Church of England congregations in the 13 colonies. The church suffered persecution and a decline in membership during the Revolution, because all of the clergymen had taken an oath of allegiance to the crown at the time of their ordination, and many of them were Loyalists who were forced to flee to Canada or England. Some, however, supported the Revolution. William White, chaplain of the Continental Congress, proposed that congregations form themselves into an American church that would continue the spiritual legacy of the Church of England but would otherwise separate from it. Conventions of clergy and laity were held in the early 1780s to claim church property formerly claimed by the Church of England and to plan for a new church. Interstate conventions in 1784 and 1785 began drafting a constitution and prayer book. In 1787 English bishops consecrated White as bishop of Pennsylvania and Samuel Provoost as bishop of New York. In the 19th century the church expanded westward through the work of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society (organized in 1820). Foreign missions were begun in Greece in 1829 and subsequently expanded to other countries. The Oxford Movement in the Church of England, which emphasized the Roman Catholic heritage of the church (High Church), became influential in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the 1840s. Though it enriched the worship services and spiritual discipline of the church, it caused considerable controversy, because many Episcopalians preferred to emphasize the Protestant heritage (Low Church). In later years the promotion of liberal theology, biblical criticism, the Social Gospel, and the ecumenical movement lessened the tensions between the High and Low Church attitudes. During the American Civil War, Episcopalians fought for both South and North. Unlike some other Protestant churches, however, the Episcopal Church avoided schism. The church inherited its doctrinal statements from the Church of England, but it does not apply these statements as rigid confessions. It accepts the Apostles' and Nicene creeds and its prayer book as statements of its doctrinal positions. The Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, slightly adapted for American circumstances, are part of the prayer book and of official doctrine, but formal acceptance of them is not required of the clergy or laity. In the organization of the church, each self-supporting congregation (parish) elects its lay governing board (vestry) for temporal affairs and its rector as spiritual leader. Congregations that are not self-supporting (missions) are directed by the bishop of the area. In a given area the parishes and missions make up a diocese, headed by a bishop. (The first woman bishop, the Reverend Barbara C. Harris, was elected by the Diocese of Massachusetts in 1988, but she did not head the diocese.) All clergy and laity representing all congregations meet annually in convention to conduct the business of the diocese. The convention elects the bishop to serve until death or retirement. The dioceses and mission districts belong to the General Convention, which meets triennially. All bishops are members of the House of Bishops, and the House of Delegates is made up of equal numbers of clergy and laity. The Executive Council, the administrative agency of the General Convention, is headed by the Presiding Bishop (elected by the House of Bishops), who also presides over the House of Bishops. Headquarters are in New York City.