RAJGIR HILLS

physical region, central Bihar state, northeastern India, extending for 40 miles (65 km) in two parallel ridges that enclose a narrow ravine. At one point the hills rise to 1,272 feet (388 m), but in general they seldom exceed 1,000 feet (300 m). The valley between the parallel ridges, south of the village of Rajgir, contains the site of Rajagrha (Royal Residence), said to have been the residence of the legendary Magadha emperor Jarasandha of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The outer fortifications can be traced on the crests of the hills for more than 25 miles (40 km); they are 17 1/2 feet (about 5 m) thick, built of massive undressed stones without mortar. These ruined walls are generally dated to the 6th century BC. The remains of New Rajagrha, the reputed capital of Bimbisara (c. 520490 BC), lie north of the valley. An important Buddhist and Jaina pilgrimage site, the Rajgir Hills are associated with the life of Buddha Gautama, who often taught there. Chhatagiri is the former Gridhrakuta, or Vulture's Peak, which was one of his favourite resorts. One of the towers on Baibhar Hill (Vaibharagiri) has been identified as the Pippala stone house in which Buddha lived. Sattapanni cave, which has been identified with a number of sites on Baibhar Hill and with the Sonbhandar cave at its foot, was the site of the first Buddhist synod (543 BC) to record the tenets of the faith. The Sonbhandar cave is now believed to have been excavated by the Jains in the 3rd or 4th century AD. In the valley's centre, excavations at the Maniyar Math site have revealed a circular shrine associated with the worship of Mani-naga, a serpent deity of the Mahabharata. Several modern Jaina temples lie on the hills around the valley. There are also hot springs in the valleys, surrounded by Hindu shrines.