SANTA FE

county, a scenic area of northern New Mexico, U.S. The northeastern portion is in the Sangre de Cristo range of the Southern Rocky Mountains, featuring Santa Fe Baldy and Lake Peak, both more than 12,000 feet (3,650 m) in elevation. At the mountains' southern end is Glorieta Mesa, an area of hilly, grassy plains in the Basin and Range Province, with a landscape marked by colourful hills, mesas, and isolated mountains. The Rio Grande, which passes through the county's far northwest, and several small, tributary streams are the principal bodies of water. Santa Fe National Forest, Pecos Wilderness, Hyde Memorial and Santa Fe River state parks, and the San Ildefonso, Nambe, Pojoaque, Tesuque, and Santo Domingo Pueblo Indian reservations are all located in the county. Pueblos were built in the region from at least the beginning of the 14th century. Spanish settlement commenced in 1610 at Santa Fe; the 1680 Pueblo Revolt against Spanish rule began at Tesuque pueblo. The development of Santa Fe as the capital of Spain's vast New Mexico territory dominated the area's history. The county was established by Mexico in 1844, and in 1852 it was reestablished as one of the first counties in New Mexico Territory, U.S. The Battle of Glorieta Pass, a decisive blow to Confederate hopes during the American Civil War, was fought in Santa Fe county. Government bodies are the county's principal employers, and tourism is also a leading economic factor. The city of Santa Fe is the county seat and the state capital; it is the site of the College of Santa Fe (1859) and St. John's College (1964). Area 1,909 square miles (4,945 square km). Pop. (1990) 98,928. provincia of lowland plains, northeastern Argentina, bounded on the east by the Paran River. It lies within the northern reaches of the Pampa except in the subtropical northeast, where there are marshes, tall savannas, and clusters of woodland, and in the subtropical dry forests of the northwest, where there are thorny shrubs and low trees. Its area is 51,354 square miles (133,007 square km). The province was settled in the late 16th century by Spaniards from Asuncin, Paraguay, but it long remained a sparsely populated area exporting yerba mat. Into the early 19th century it repeatedly experienced malnes (violent Indian attacks) and epidemics. Not until the mid-1850s, when Rosario was made the official port of the Argentine Confederation, did stable economic growth begin. Thereafter, Santa Fe developed as the centre of immigrant agricultural colonias and commercial grain production. Important crops are wheat, soybeans, corn (maize), and sorghum, followed by cotton and sugarcane grown in the extreme northeast. The province is the centre of Argentine dairy production, which is often processed on the agricultural cooperatives that are commonplace to this area. Oceangoing vessels load and discharge at the province's four river ports of Villa Constitucin, Rosario, San Lorenzo, and Santa Fe (the provincial capital). The 7,850-foot tunnel between Santa Fe and Paran greatly facilitates road communications between those two cities. Pop. (1989 est.) 2,766,000. city, capital of Santa Fe provincia, northeastern Argentina. It lies on a channel of the Paran River, at the mouth of the Salado River, opposite the city of Paran. It was founded in 1573 as Santa Fe de Vera Cruz at nearby Cayast by Juan de Garay, lieutenant governor of Asuncin, Paraguay. Moved to its present site in 1651, it was developed as a supporting river port for the Spanish settlement at Asuncin, 615 miles (990 km) north on the Paraguay River. During the colonial era it was a missionary centre of the Jesuits, whose church in the city dates from 1660. Until the mid-19th century it marked the northern limit of provincial expansion and served as a strategic outpost against the Indians of the Gran Chaco region. A congress meeting there in 1853 produced the constitution establishing the Argentine Republic. Its economy is diversified and includes flour mills, dairy plants, plants processing forest products, mineral smelters, and automobile manufacturers. Its port, modernized for oceangoing vessels, is the most inland seaport in the world (250 miles from the Ro de la Plata estuary) and handles Bolivian and Paraguayan, as well as Argentine, commerce. Santa Fe has three national historic monumentsthe San Francisco Church and Convent (1680), La Merced Church (16601754), and the Santa Fe Cathedral (1685). The National University of the Litoral (1919) is located there. Pop. (1980) 287,240. capital of New Mexico, U.S., and seat (1852) of Santa Fe County, in the north central part of the state, on the Santa Fe River. It lies in the northern Rio Grande Valley at 6,996 ft (2,132 m) above sea level at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. A dry, invigorating climate makes it a popular summer resort, while mountain skiing attracts winter visitors. Founded in 1610 by Gov. Don Pedro de Peralta, it was named Villa Real de la Santa F de San Francisco de Asis (Royal City of the Holy Faith of St. Francis of Assisi) and developed around a central plaza. Evacuated in 1680 after the Pueblo Indian Revolt, it was retaken peacefully in 1692 by Don Diego de Vargas, an event commemorated by an annual fiesta. During the 18th century Santa Fe served as the administrative, military, and missionary headquarters of a vast, sparsely populated Spanish colonial frontier province. U.S. interest in the area was aroused by the report of Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike, who was imprisoned there during his exploration of the Southwest in 1806. After Mexican independence (1821), a brisk wagon-train commerce developed over the Santa Fe Trail from Independence, Mo. During the Mexican War the city was occupied (1846) by U.S. forces under Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny, and an English-language newspaper was published there in 1847. After New Mexico was ceded to the United States in 1848, Santa Fe became the capital in 1851 of the Territory of New Mexico and, in 1912, of the state. In 1862 the city was occupied for two weeks by Confederate forces under Gen. H.H. Sibley. The railroad arrived in 1880, and there were brief mining booms in the nearby mountains; but the city essentially remained a trading centre for ranchers, farmers, and Indians. Construction in the early 1940s of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (later renamed Los Alamos National Laboratory) for atomic research, 35 mi (56 km) northwest, brought new economic vitality to the area. The Palace of the Governors (built by Peralta in 1610) was restored as a museum in 1914. A new group of spaciously landscaped state government buildings, including the capitol (completed in 1966), faces the river. Traditional Spanish-Pueblo Indian architecture has been protected since 1958 by zoning ordinance. The 17th-century Chapel of San Miguel, also known as Oldest Church (rebuilt 1710, restored 1955), and the Cathedral of St. Francis, built in 1869 by John B. Lamy, first bishop of Santa Fe, are architectural landmarks. With a large Spanish-American population, the city is the cultural capital of the Southwest. It is built on the site of a prehistoric Tiwa Indian pueblo, and archaeological research is conducted in the surrounding Indian territory. The Museum of New Mexico has units on Indian and Spanish colonial art. The Museum of Navaho Ceremonial Art is privately endowed. The College of Santa Fe (formerly St. Michael's) was founded in 1859, and St. John's College in 1964. The Santa Fe Indian School and the New Mexico School for the Deaf are also in the city. Santa Fe is a regional headquarters for the National Park Service and headquarters for the Santa Fe National Forest (immediately east). Pop. (1990) city, 55,859; Santa Fe MSA, 117,043.