SOUP

liquid food prepared by cooking meat, poultry, fish, legumes, or vegetables with seasonings in water, stock, milk, or some other liquid medium. The cooking of soup is as ancient as the devising of vessels to hold liquid; before the development of pots that could withstand the direct heat of a fire, soups were cooked by dropping hot stones into the liquid. The long cooking of soup enabled nourishment to be drawn from meagre quantities of fish and meat too bony or tough to be otherwise utilized. In the West lighter soups are usually served as a first course, while thicker, heartier soups constitute the entre for informal meals. A notable exception are the fruit soups favoured in northern and eastern Europe, which are often served for dessert. In China a thin soup is consumed throughout the meal as a beverage, and elaborate soups such as the celebrated bird's nest and shark's fin may be interspersed with other courses or served near the end of the meal. Many soups are eaten cold. French vichyssoise (potatoes and leeks), Spanish gazpacho (tomatoes and other vegetables), Polish chlodnik (beets, sour cream, pickles, and shellfish), Jewish schav (sorrel), and Danish kaernemaelkskoldskaal (buttermilk) are classic cold soups. Consomm can be served cold, in which case it takes the form of a jelly as a result of the natural gelatin present in the bony meats from which it is prepared. The basis of many soups is stock, or broth, a rich liquid obtained by boiling fish, meat, poultry, game, or vegetables. Clear broths can be garnished with separately cooked vegetables, pasta or rice, quenelles or dumplings, poached eggs, or other ingredients. Chinese egg-drop and Italian stracciatella are enriched with beaten eggs stirred in the hot broth. Thick soups may achieve their texture by means of a flour- or egg-thickened sauce or a puree of vegetables with or without butter or cream. Bisques and chowders are creamy soups usually made with shellfish or fish, sometimes with meat or vegetables, and cream or milk. Gumbos are spicy soups originating in the Creole cooking of Louisiana that combine African, European, and American Indian elements. Substantial stewlike soups are found in rural cuisines worldwide. They often combine root vegetables, legumes, and smoked or fresh meats. Well-known examples are Italian minestrone, French garbure, Swedish rter med flask (yellow peas and pork), and Dutch erwtensoep (split green peas).