STEW

dish of meat, poultry, or fish, usually with vegetables, cooked in liquid in a closed vessel over low heat. Prepared properly, the stew never boils, but simmers at about 190 F (88 C), a process that tenderizes tougher foods and mingles flavours. Meats to be stewed are cut in cubes, fowls are jointed, and fish is cut in steaks or chunks. For brown stews, the meat pieces (and sometimes a portion of the vegetables) are seared in hot fat before the liquid is added. Poultry is often cooked blanc, without browning, as are delicate veal and lamb stews. Root vegetables (carrots, onions, turnips, parsnips, and potatoes), tomatoes, and celery are commonly added to stews. The sauce that develops as the dish cooks may be thickened by pureeing the vegetables or by incorporating flour or egg yolks. The French ragout brun is a brown stew that is flavoured with garlic, tomato, and herbs. A navarin is a ragout brun made with lamb or mutton; navarin la printanire has been garnished with new potatoes, carrots, peas, onions, and turnips. Fricassees and blanquettes are white stews of poultry (in the case of fricassee), veal, or lamb. They are delicately flavoured with mushrooms, mild vegetables, and herbs; the sauce is thickened with egg yolks and cream. Stews are found in virtually all of the world's cuisines. Gulys (goulash, q.v.), prklt, papriks, and tokany are four stews that have been called the four pillars of Hungarian cooking. Bigos, a hunter's stew of Poland, combines a variety of fresh and cured meats, game, cabbage or sauerkraut, and aromatic vegetables. Irish stew is a simple white dish of mutton, onions, and potatoes. A Greek stifado of beef is flavoured with red wine, onions, tomatoes, bay leaf, and garlic, and it may contain cubes of feta cheese. Two American stews deserve mention: Brunswick stew (originating in Brunswick County, Virginia) combines squirrel, rabbitmore commonly today, chickensweet corn, lima beans, tomatoes, okra, and onions; Kentucky's burgoo is similar, adding beef and potatoes, carrots, turnips, and other vegetables. Fish stews may be made with freshwater or ocean fish; often a variety is used, with shellfish. Notable are the French meurette, matelote, cotriade, and bouillabaisse (q.v.); the Spanish zarzuela; the Italian cacciucco; the Belgian waterzooi; and the cioppino of the United States.