TARTARIC ACID

also called Dihydroxybutanedioic Acid, a dicarboxylic acid, one of the most widely distributed of plant acids, with a number of food and industrial uses. Along with several of its salts, cream of tartar (potassium hydrogen tartrate) and Rochelle salt (potassium sodium tartrate), it is obtained from by-products of wine fermentation. In a partially purified form, tartar was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans; the free acid was first isolated in 1769 by C.W. Scheele. The lees, or sediments, and other waste products from fermentation are heated and neutralized with calcium hydroxide; the precipitated calcium tartrate is then treated with sulfuric acid to produce free tartaric acid. Rochelle salt is prepared from the crude crystalline potassium acid salt, called argol, by neutralization with sodium carbonate. Purified cream of tartar comes chiefly from the filtrates from production of the acid and Rochelle salt. A third salt, tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate), is made from the potassium acid salt and antimony oxide. Tartaric acid is widely used as an acidulant in carbonated drinks, effervescent tablets, gelatin desserts, and fruit jellies. It has many industrial applicationse.g., in cleaning and polishing metals, in calico printing, in wool dyeing, and in certain photographic printing and development processes. Rochelle salt is used in silvering mirrors, in processing cheese, and in compounding mild cathartics. Cream of tartar is incorporated into baking powders, hard candies, and taffies; and it is employed in the cleaning of brass, the electrolytic tinning of iron and steel, and the coating of other metals with gold and silver. Tartar emetic is used as an insecticide and a dyeing mordant. Four stereoisomeric forms of tartaric acid exist: (1) the ordinary dextrorotatory tartaric acid found in grapes and several other fruits, (2) a chemically identical but levorotatory form obtained chiefly by resolution of (3), the racemic form, which can be obtained from the tartar mother liquors or prepared synthetically, and (4) a meso form also made synthetically but not resolvable into dextrorotatory and levorotatory isomers. Study of the crystallographic, chemical, and optical properties of the tartaric acids by Louis Pasteur laid the basis for modern ideas of stereoisomerism. The various tartaric acids and the common tartrate salts are all colourless, crystalline solids readily soluble in water.