THOMSON, SIR C(HARLES) WYVILLE

born March 5, 1830, Bonsyde, West Lothian, Scot. died March 10, 1882, Bonsyde Scottish naturalist who was one of the first marine biologists to describe life in the ocean depths. After studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Thomson lectured in botany at the University of Aberdeen (185051) and Marischal College (185152) but concentrated increasingly on zoology after his appointment to chairs of natural history at Cork and Belfast (185368), in Ireland. When he was appointed professor of natural history at Edinburgh (1870), Thomson had already turned his attention exclusively to the study of marine invertebrates. Aboard two deep-sea dredging expeditions north of Scotland (186869), he discovered a wide variety of invertebrate life formsmany previously believed extinctto a depth of 650 fathoms. He also found that deep-sea temperatures are not as constant as had been supposed, indicating the presence of oceanic circulation. Thomson described these findings in The Depths of the Sea (1873). In 1872 he embarked on an exploration aboard HMS Challenger. The crew made observations and soundings of the three great ocean basins at 362 stations during a highly successful circumnavigation of 68,890 nautical miles (127,600 kilometres). Thomson was knighted on his return in 1876.