VIRTUE

in Christianity, any of the seven virtues selected as being fundamental to Christian ethics. They consist of the four natural virtues, those inculcated in the old pagan world that spring from the common endowment of humanity, and the three theological virtues, those specifically prescribed in Christianity and arising as special gifts from God. Virtue has been defined as conformity of life and conduct with the principles of morality. The virtues are thus the practical attitudes and habits adopted in obedience to those principles. They have been conventionally enumerated as seven because that number is supposed, when combined with its opposite number of seven deadly sins, to cover the whole range of human conduct. The natural virtues are sometimes known as the four cardinal virtues (from Latin cardo, hinge) because on them all lesser attitudes hinge. They are prudence, temperance, fortitude, and justice. This enumeration is said to go back to Socrates and is certainly to be found in Plato and Aristotle. Late Roman and medieval Christian moralistssuch as Ambrose, Augustine, and Thomas Aquinastook over the list as a convenient summary of the teaching of the ancient philosophers and of the highest excellence at which they aimed. To these four, Christianity added the three theological virtues of faith, hope, and love. This classification was taken over directly from the Apostle Paul, who not only distinguished these three as the specifically Christian virtues but singled out love as the chief of the three: So faith, hope, love abide, these three; but the greatest of these is love. According to Christian teaching, the theological virtues do not originate from the natural man. They are imparted by God through Christ and are then practiced by the believer. In the Christian ethic, love, or charity, which is omitted from the list of the pagan philosophers, becomes the ruling standard by which all else is to be judged and to which, in the case of a conflict of duties, the prior claim must be yielded.