WHEELER, WILLIAM MORTON

born March 19, 1865, Milwaukee died April 19, 1937, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. American entomologist recognized as one of the world's foremost authorities on ants and other social insects. Two of his works, Ants: Their Structure, Development, and Behavior (1910) and Social Life Among the Insects (1923), long served as standard references on their subjects. Wheeler began his study of ants while he was a professor of zoology at the University of Texas at Austin (18991903), and he greatly extended the scope of his research after becoming curator of invertebrate zoology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City (190308). His investigations dealt particularly with ant taxonomy, morphology, and distribution as well as with ecology, habits, and social relations. He discovered that the social behaviour of ants was among the most complex in the insect world, leading him to use the ant colony as a behavioural analogy for human civilization. His findings were based on firsthand observations of ant species collected from all over the world, including Morocco, the Galapagos, and the Canary Islands. Later in his career (1930), Wheeler made an important study of the biology of the antlion, the larvae of the neuropteran family Myrmeleontidae. Of significance, too, were his contributions to economic, or applied, entomology while he was a professor at Harvard University (190834).