WHITAKER, SIR FREDERICK

born April 23, 1812, Bampton, Oxfordshire, Eng. died Dec. 4, 1891, Auckland, N.Z. solicitor, politician, and businessman who served twice as prime minister of New Zealand (186364; 188283). He was an advocate of British annexation in the Pacific and of the confiscation of Maori lands for settlement. After studying law, Whitaker went to Sydney as a solicitor and then on to Auckland (1841), where he sat as an unofficial member of the governor's Legislative Council and served in the militia (184546). He became Auckland's provincial solicitor (1853) and a member of the provincial executive, the first of several political posts that included lengthy service in the Legislative Council (185364; 187991) and the superintendency of Auckland (186567). He held the office of attorney general for more than 20 years under various governments between 1854 and 1891, twice serving while he was prime minister. Whitaker was deeply involved in land speculation, and the policy of his first government was to suppress the Maori at crown expense, confiscate their land, and then develop it with the aid of a 3,500,000 British loan. After his second premiership he emerged as a strong advocate of British colonial expansion in the Pacific, a stance consistent with his business interests in Fiji and New Zealand. An efficient rather than a popular leader, Whitaker expressed some political liberalism in his advocacy of universal male suffrage (rather than restricting it to property owners), proportional representation, and an elective upper house. He was knighted in 1884. Whitaker spent the last decade of his life practicing law and was faced with near financial ruin as a result of the depression of the later 1880s.