WILBYE, JOHN

(baptized March 7, 1574, Diss, Norfolk, Eng.d. September 1638, Colchester, Essex), English composer, one of the finest madrigalists of his time. Wilbye was the son of a successful farmer and landowner. His musical abilities early attracted the notice of the local gentry; when one of them married Sir Thomas Kytson of nearby Hengrave Hall, Bury St. Edmunds, Wilbye became (c. 1595) resident musician there. The Kytsons treated him handsomely, leasing him a prosperous sheep farm in 1613; in time he came to own lands in Diss, Bury, and elsewhere. When, on the death of Sir Thomas' widow in 1628, the household broke up, Wilbye was employed by Kytson's younger daughter in Colchester. Wilbye's fame rests on a mere 66 madrigals, all but two of them published in his volumes of 1598 and 1609 (republished in vol. 6 and 7 of The English Madrigal School, ed. by E.H. Fellowes, 191324). His achievement lies in the grave music of his serious madrigals, a style then largely unpracticed in England. The new poetry of the Italianizing poets Sir Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser, which flourished from 1580 to 1600, found in Wilbye's settings its perfect musical equivalent. He was far more appreciative of literary excellence in choosing texts for his music than most of his fellow madrigalists, and he also set to music many translations of Italian verse. Wilbye spread the general emotional purport of his text (usually amorous) over the whole composition; abrupt contrasts and changes of mood were abandoned in favour of a prevailing tone, and this gave his madrigals an artistic unity rarely attained by his English contemporaries. Wilbye was a master of rhythm, and his alert ear for prosody fills his music with passages in which the verbal accent is counterpointed against the musical metre. He also experimented with sequence, recurring refrains, and thematic development in such works as Adieu, sweet Amaryllis and the more complex Draw on, sweet night. The latter and the well-known Flora gave me fairest flowers and Sweet honey-sucking bees display Wilbye's skill in vocal orchestration: the full number of voices is not kept in constant play, but for much of the time the composer writes for ever-changing smaller groups within the ensemble.