YOUNG, NEIL

born Nov. 12, 1945, Toronto, Ont., Can. Canadian guitarist, singer, and songwriter best known for his eclectic sweep, from solo folkie to grungy guitar-rocker. Young grew up in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with his mother after her divorce from his father, a well-known Canadian sportswriter. Having performed in bands since his teens and later as a soloist in Toronto coffeehouses, Young was both folkie and rocker, so when he arrived in Los Angeles in 1966 he was ready for Buffalo Springfield, the versatile and pioneering group he joined. His material defied categorization and tested unusual forms and sounds. Fuzztone guitar duels with Stephen Stills offset Young's high-pitched, nasal vocals; his lyrics veered from skewed romanticism to metaphoric social commentary, but his voice's naked, quavering vulnerability remained the constant in Young's turbulent, shape-shifting explorations. His 1969 solo debut, Neil Young, sold poorly but staked out ambitious musical territory. Its follow-up, Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969), teamed Young with the garage band Crazy Horse. When played Cinnamon Girl, whose one-note guitar solo encapsulated Young's sly sarcasm about established forms, and Down by the River, a long, raw-edged guitar blitzkrieg around lyrics about murder, the album made Young an icon. Soon he joined Crosby, Stills and Nash, who had already released their first hit album. Young added heft, but Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young was an ongoing clash of egos. Following the release of the quartet's first album, Dj Vu (1970), Young penned and sang Ohio, an anthem that rallied campus activists after National Guardsmen killed four antiwar demonstrators at Kent (Ohio) State University in May 1970. Young's next characteristic zigzag led him back to acoustic musica move forecast by Dj Vu's Helpless, which depicted him as totally vulnerable, trying to bare his emotional world musically. His confessional singer-songwriter mode became a key part of his multifaceted persona. On his next solo album, After the Gold Rush (1970), Young underlined his stance as a rock-and-roll shaman, a visionary who projected his psyche onto the world and thereby exorcised his own demons and those of his audience. Harvest (1972) continued the confessional vein, and its rare stylistic continuity made it one of Young's best-selling but, in the minds of some, least-satisfying discs. Its simplistic attitudes apparently set off an internal reexamination; at least it started a decade's artistic wanderings. The experimentation cost Young both artistically and commercially. Nevertheless, in 1979 Rust Never Sleeps reasserted his masteryironically, in response to the punk revolt. Young made the Sex Pistols' singer, Johnny Rotten, the main character in Hey Hey, My My. Thus, Young's reenergized reaction to punk sharply contrasted with that of his aging peers, who generally felt dismissed or threatened. It also demonstrated how resistant he was to nostalgiaa by-product of his creative restlessness. Young's resurgence culminated in Live Rust (1979), a live recording with Crazy Horse. He continued to be an artistic chameleon, releasing in quick succession the acoustic Hawks and Doves (1980), the punkish Re-ac-tor (1981), the proto-techno Trans (1982), which led his new record company to sue him for producing an unrepresentative album, and the rockabilly-flavoured Everybody's Rockin' (1983). On 1989's Freedom, he resurrected the social engagement and musical conviction of earlier triumphs such as Ohio. This disc marked yet another creative resurgence for Young and brought him a younger audience; soon he would tap emerging bands such as Social Distortion and Sonic Youth as opening acts. The peak of this most recent artistic rebirth came in 1990 with Ragged Glory, with its thick clouds of sound, riddled with feedback and distortion, and gritty, psychologically searing lyrics. Examining time's passage and human relationships, Young never succumbed to easy, rose-coloured allure. Typically, he followed this critical and commercial success with defiantly howling collages, Arc and Weld (both 1991). Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, Young remained a vital force in live performances and in the studio as the century closed. Gene Santoro Additional reading David Downing, A Dreamer of Pictures: Neil Young, the Man and His Music (1994), attempts to put Young's long and varied career in perspective. Michael Heatley (compiler), Neil Young: In His Own Words (1997), is a long interview that reveals as much about Young's attitudes as it does facts. Johnny Rogan, The Complete Guide to the Music of Neil Young, ed. by Chris Charlesworth (1996), is an exhaustive track-by-track examination of Young's output. Paul Williams, Neil Young: Love to Burn (1997), presents an empathetic if somewhat oversensitive portrait. Don McLeese, "Neil Young," in Anthony DeCurtis et al. (eds.), The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, 3rd ed. (1992), pp. 324331, offers a good basic introduction to Young's life and work. Representative Works: Buffalo Springfield Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young Neil Young Neil Young and Crazy Horse