DEFENCE


Meaning of DEFENCE in English

noun

COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES

a defence force

Should the European Union have its own defence force?

a defence lawyer (= a lawyer who tries to prove in court that someone is not guilty )

This evidence was given to the defence lawyer.

a defence witness

A defence witness said that Carter was not holding a gun when the shot was fired.

a witness for the prosecution/defence

Witnesses for the prosecution have not sounded convincing.

civil defence

defence cuts

Further proposals for defence cuts were drawn up.

defence mechanism

defence/control/survival mechanism

When a person is ill, the body’s natural defence mechanisms come into operation.

defence/energy/housing etc policy

Our energy policies must put the environment first.

defence/welfare/education etc spending (= spending on defence etc )

Further cuts in defence spending are being considered.

foreign/defence/finance etc minister

a meeting of EU foreign ministers

military/defence expenditure (= money that a government spends on the armed forces )

Military expenditure has been growing year on year.

spirited defence/debate/discussion etc

stout defence/support/resistance

He put up a stout defence in court.

the defence/education etc budget

We had to make cuts in the defence budget.

the military/defence establishment

The committee has many political figures who are close to the military establishment.

COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS

■ ADJECTIVE

civil

But the fact remains that the safeguards themselves do not prevent the government using civil plutonium for defence purposes.

The country has made few preparations for civil defence .

These difficulties were greatly exacerbated by poor civil defence planning.

foreign

If the Government ever had any ideas about foreign and defence policy, they have run out of them.

There are no significant new constraints on governments to make joint foreign , defence , immigration or policing policies.

Threats, not pillars, will decide whether the members devise joint foreign or defence policies.

Mr Kostunica's main power is in appointing the foreign and defence ministers and the army chief of staff.

June 1994: Elections to EP. 1996: Intergovernmental conference to review foreign policy and defence .

good

The best form of defence is counter-attack.

To pounce on their opponents, moreover, seemed the best defence .

He did, of course benefit from having a very good defence .

So long as he covers every arc of attack by maintaining a good defence , he will be safe.

Crossbowmen and hand gunners are better in defence .

Wire netting is the best defence against rabbits and squirrels, which will chew through plastic netting to plunder fruit crops.

Her best defence may be her demure appearance.

But it is a first step towards better value for defence dollars and D-marks.

national

Pressing for a huge tax cut and insisting on his plans for a national missile defence fit this picture.

There is already tension over the controversial national missile defence system.

The key to the whole business was not politics or national defence .

When a civil conflict eventually broke out in 1991, the national defence force was unable to provide a credible response.

The interesting issues in economics arise when, as with national defence , exclusion of certain individuals from consumption is effectively impossible.

only

And appearing only for the defence has always seemed too easy an option.

The only defence open to enterprises and manufacturing industry would be a chaotic cut in their demand for these raw materials.

Because her only defence was to turn him against her, she realised with a pang of sorrow.

Until his body recovered from the effects of the psychic blast this was his only means of defence .

The only defence is that the estate agent took all reasonable steps and exercised all due diligence to avoid committing the offence.

He resorted to his only hopeless defence ... and screwed his eyes shut.

■ NOUN

budget

Only the defence budget will see the benefit of prosperity.

With commitment and amounts of cash that seemed paltry when compared with government defence budgets , that problem could be solved.

Congress still has a big role to play in shaping the missile defence budget .

After yesterday's announcement of huge cuts in the defence budget , things can only get worse.

The majority of voters also favoured cuts in the defence budget and level or increased Spending on domestic education and health programmes.

His plans to slash defence budgets by £6 billion would cost 100,000 more their jobs.

He believed in big defence budgets and plenty of parades.

counsel

His defence counsel contended that a suspended sentence would enable Chemouil to pay compensation to the victim.

Hakkar's defence counsel requested a postponement, which was refused, and was unable to attend the hearing.

They had been tried without benefit of defence counsel before the Public Tribunal, a special court which was subject to Government influence.

Hyde's defence counsel has told Northampton Crown court that provocation would be an issue in the trial.

Coffin wondered what a defence counsel would have made of that lack if the case had ever come to trial.

The defence counsel said that appeals would be made against the verdicts.

The defence counsel said the defendant had admitted losing his temper on finding out that the girl was under age.

After the last prosecution witness had given his statement, Kesselring's defence counsel rose to give his opening address.

cut

The management say Government defence cuts are to blame.

expenditure

Greatly increased taxes and a major shift back to defence expenditure could be the least of our worries.

Male speaker Under Options for Change we could see there was going to be a reduction in defence expenditure .

It is amazing what we hear from Opposition Members, when they intend to cut defence expenditure .

While military spending was constrained by the renunciation of belligerency, this does not mean that defence expenditure is insignificant.

By contrast defence expenditure was cut, chiefly by reducing national service from 14 months to 12.

force

Armed forces: No standing defence forces .

Armed forces: defence force disbanded in 1981; approximately 300 police.

An army spokesman said that the security vetting of personnel was a normal procedure in all defence forces .

MacArthur was dedicated to the extirpation of militarism and did not favour the development of defence forces .

But obvious problems will centre on the security situation, and the reconstruction of the defence forces and the economy.

When a civil conflict eventually broke out in 1991, the national defence force was unable to provide a credible response.

After working in the prison service, he joined the defence forces before becoming an intelligence agent.

industry

The company still plans to sell off Thorn Security and Electronics, which makes security and surveillance equipment for the defence industry .

It has no great defence industries , no strategic significance.

An emerging contemporary example of radical change is in the business which to date has been concerned with the defence industries .

When you're in a defence industry that is inevitable.

The Secretary of State has presided over the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs in the defence industry in recent years.

In a town such as Shrewsbury, a high proportion of manufacturing is linked to the defence industry .

He met management and workers at Swan Hunter's and Vickers, two firms who depend on the defence industry for work.

lawyer

Both prosecution and defence lawyers gave eloquent closing speeches.

But a defence lawyer suggested that at the time this was the normal practise in football, and Steve White agreed.

Cross-examination by defence lawyers should also be videotaped at an informal hearing before trial, with the press and public excluded.

Macarthy, the defence lawyer , found himself in the position of trying to defend the indefensible and justify the unjustifiable.

When the session was adjourned, the judiciary and defence lawyers gave conflicting accounts of the outcome.

Gen Jaruzelski's defence lawyers first filed a motion requesting more evidence from prosecutors before charges were laid.

There was an eloquent and impassioned speech from Mr Wash, Woolridge's defence lawyer .

The trial was suspended the same day after the 19 defence lawyers walked out, and then postponed until July 12.

mechanism

When it's cold, the body sets its own range of defence mechanisms in motion.

What appears to be contrary can always be assimilated as evidence of repression, or as a defence mechanism .

Inflammation is another internal defence mechanism and is a reaction of living tissue to infection, injury and irritants.

And if our defence mechanism is impaired, what other dangers may we not be open to?

I note this, and harp on her imperfections, as a defence mechanism .

The ideal candidate will have experience of protein purification and gene cloning and should have an appreciation of plant defence mechanisms .

Where did she get this automatic shutdown defence mechanism ?

Everyone's got a defence mechanism .

minister

The strongest force there is run by Ahmed Shah Masoud, the defence minister .

He sent the defence minister , Peter Reith, in his place.

Mr Hikmatyar is trying to wrest control of the capital from the defence minister , Ahmad Shah Masood.

At Mr Ugaz's request, the defence minister has ordered an audit of all military purchases since 1990.

In a weekend of violence, the defence minister , Khaled Nezzar, narrowly escaped from a car bomb attack.

Labour's shadow defence minister Martin O'Neill also visited Newcastle.

His move led to the resignation of his defence minister and many senior generals.

missile

Pressing for a huge tax cut and insisting on his plans for a national missile defence fit this picture.

The missile defence issue is without question the most troublesome, time-consuming and potentially dangerous item on the current international agenda.

It has dangerously upset the strategic balance by proposing a new national missile defence system.

In particular, the relationship is becoming increasingly bedevilled by the issue of anti-\#missile defence .

The latest example concerns the controversial missile defence system proposed by the United States.

Congress still has a big role to play in shaping the missile defence budget.

Agreeing on the system, and the budget, for missile defence is going to be a long business.

Bush's speech pushed the political boundaries of the missile defence issue much further than he has done before.

policy

Bush's defence policy would not work, would cost too much and would destabilise the world, said Gore.

Threats, not pillars, will decide whether the members devise joint foreign or defence policies .

Questions of defence policy are vast, complicated, confidential, and wholly unsuited for ventilation before a jury.

That is why the Opposition's defence policy is incredible.

secretary

Since he resigned as defence secretary over the Westland helicopter affair in 1986, he has campaigned for an active industrial policy.

But Donald Rumsfeld's appointment as defence secretary makes those predictions look naive.

The defence secretary paused, and then said that such questions were decided by the president, not by him.

Powell lost his bid to have his ally Richard Armitage, appointed as deputy defence secretary under Rumsfeld.

One notable exception was John Tower, the choice for defence secretary of former president George Bush.

Mr Bush has been careful to balance practical types like his defence secretary , Donald Rumsfeld, with policy wonks.

self

Relatives of the men say they were wrongly convicted, as they had acted in self defence .

They claimed that when they were surrounded by the gang they acted in self defence .

Relatives of Poole and Mills say the two men were acting in self defence .

She said it was self defence .

Or are you innocent because you acted in self defence ?

The jury cleared him, deciding that Mr Waller had acted in self defence .

As it rears up in self defence , it spreads its wide hood to reveal a massive pair of eye-spots.

They claim they were acting in self defence .

spending

Defence Minister Moshe Arens had successfully argued that defence spending could not be reduced in the light of the ongoing Gulf crisis.

This included 7,777,400 million won for defence spending , an increase of 12.9 percent over the previous year.

The Ministry of Defence announced today that it will close in 20 months time as part of cutbacks in defence spending .

United States defence spending has been a key driving force behind much of the electronics, telecommunications and computer industries.

The obvious candidate is defence spending .

There has been a comparable fall in support for increasing military defence spending and compulsory military service.

The government on June 13 revealed the exact levels of defence spending , which had hitherto been secret.

The government was committed to further major reductions in defence spending .

system

There is already tension over the controversial national missile defence system .

And the ground defence system had not got one shot off in retaliation.

This virus affects the body's defence system so that it can not fight infection.

Between Achanalt and Achnasheen there are no real breaches in their defence system .

The drug's designed to stimulate the body's own defence system to fight the virus.

Take for example, the national missile-defence system proposed by the United States, and strongly supported by George Bush.

Examples of such systems include: defence systems, satellite communication systems, transportation systems, manufacturing systems and economic systems.

In common with all other forms of fire defence systems , however, a sprinkler system has limitations.

■ VERB

provide

Nor can they have been substantial enough to have provided defence against further attacks from the Huns or from the Alamans.

As to the point of ownership of lorries, that would not in itself have provided a defence .

Even if it is feasible, there is no guarantee that this would provide a defence to an infringement action.

The law, which provided F437,800 million for defence equipment spending, was adopted on Dec. 18, 1989.

Why is the government directly involved in providing defence , schools, and health services?

This means that, even though an exemption clause on its wording apparently provides a defence , it may nevertheless be ineffective.

The Secretary of State did not provide a good defence of the Government's proposition.

Delusion-formation in paranoid disorders makes use of this process to provide defence against the passive homosexual wish.

spend

In summary, governments have many reasons for spending so much on defence .

The economy remained on a war footing during 1989 with between 30 and 40 percent of the budget being spent on defence .

In all, nearly 31 million pounds had been spent on war and defence from 1540 until 1552.

Caps on discretionary spending were not raised, nor was spending transferred from the defence to domestic programmes.

In the West small countries that refuse to spend big on defence technology are frequently criticised for not pulling their weight.

PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES

leap to sb's defence

But the girlfriend of deputy manager John Onanuga leapt to his defence.

Did Geoffrey leap to the defence of every person with disabilities whom he encountered?

The stats cant leap to his defence either.

let your guard/defences down

Never let your guard down was the only solace he offered.

We must not let our defences down, Mrs Thatcher and other cautious voices would argue.

spring to sb's defence

Equally notable figures will spring to the defence of the secret deal, however.

EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES

Defence spending has risen by 10% in the current budget.

The defence industry relies heavily on sales of weapons to foreign countries.

The article was a rather unconvincing defence of her economic record.

EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS

A quick break by Swansea after 17 minutes again exposed the Chester defence .

Before this defence has any role to play it must be shown that the defendant has committed a tort.

Browning's defence lawyer says this and other evidence could have been crucial if heard by the trial jury.

Even if it is feasible, there is no guarantee that this would provide a defence to an infringement action.

He thought your freelance Mrs Howard represented the same thing that he thinks he represents himself: the defence of this country.

Middlesbrough were growing in confidence all the time, winning the midfield battle and occasionally opening the Ipswich defence .

National Research Laboratories are large, publicly owned defence research and development establishments.

Nowhere in one leading textbook is it treated of as a defence .

Longman DOCE5 Extras English vocabulary.      Дополнительный английский словарь Longman DOCE5.