I. noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a price/pay/wage freeze
a wage/pay/salary increase
▪
Canadian workers received a 5.4% wage increase.
command a high fee/wage/price etc
▪
Which graduates command the highest salaries?
earn a wage/salary
▪
You are more likely to earn a decent wage if you have a degree.
living wage
▪
jobs that don’t even pay a living wage
low income/pay/wages
▪
families existing on very low incomes
meagre income/earnings/wages etc
▪
He supplements his meager income by working on Saturdays.
minimum wage
▪
Most of the junior office staff are on the minimum wage being paid the lowest legal amount .
nominal wage
▪
If prices rise and the nominal wage remains constant, the real wage falls.
pay/wage cuts
▪
Millions of workers face pay cuts.
pay/wage/salary differential
price/income/wage levels
▪
Wage levels had failed to keep up with inflation.
price/wage inflation (= increasing prices/wages )
▪
Price inflation was running at about twelve percent last summer.
rent/price/wage etc controls
▪
Rent controls ensured that no one paid too much for housing.
run/wage/conduct a campaign (= carry out a campaign )
▪
He ran an aggressive campaign.
the wage rate
▪
What is the hourly wage rate?
wage earner
▪
He is the only wage earner in the family.
wage warfare
▪
Rebels waged guerrilla warfare against the occupying army.
wage/make war (= to start and continue a war )
▪
Their aim was to destroy the country’s capacity to wage war.
wage/pay bargaining
▪
The government would not intervene in private-sector wage bargaining.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ ADJECTIVE
average
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By this time professional cricketers' earnings had fallen behind average manual wages .
▪
Indeed average wages for non-supervisory workers are lower than they were under Ronald Reagan.
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The average factory wage is 40-70 baht a day.
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The workers' average wages would be $ 44,500 annually -- 54 percent higher than the county average of $ 28,900.
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In 1979 the link between state pensions and the average increase in wages was broken by the Government.
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The average wage of women workers is two-thirds that of men.
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It is doubly unfair because it hits thousands of workers who are earning less than the average industrial wage .
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This research used a national average wage to value voluntary labour.
high
▪
Thus a higher wage rate increases the supply of hours of work, but reduces the demand for hours of work.
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The overall effect of a higher minimum wage on employment and work hours therefore involves two offsetting forces.
▪
But it can also be found in the writings of Defoe, who favoured high wages as a stimulant for home demand.
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This group favors high minimum wages to lessen the competition from low-wage workers.
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What was needed was a wider distribution of the profits of industry, especially through higher wages .
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The claim that higher minimum wages are inflationary and will create a loss of jobs is not substantiated either.
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Nearly 140,000 workers in 53 jute mills across West Bengal went on strike on Jan. 28 demanding higher wages .
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It was not because of labor, or high wages , or the Third World.
living
▪
Does the example implicitly condone overtime working as a means by which a living wage is earned?
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They had no solution to the possibility that even they might sometimes fail to find permanent employment at a living wage .
low
▪
It rejected, in somewhat scathing terms, the owners' proposals for a combination of longer hours and lower wages .
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High costs, low wages and merciless poverty are the price that Third World people pay. 4.
▪
He says in some cases workers will have to accept lower wages to avoid redundancies.
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Workers who are laid off should quickly find reemployment by offering to work for lower wages .
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Unexpected overtime, low wages and complicated antisocial hours are features for many care assistants.
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Threatening to go abroad to lower wage costs certainly plays a role in lowering wages at home.
minimum
▪
In a surprise policy about turn the Government is to raise the minimum adult wage by 10p an hour to £ 3.70.
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Labor Secretary Robert Reich said the report proved that raising the minimum wage does not cost jobs.
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He has always received minimum wages and saving has been difficult.
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The White House sidestepped questions about linking the gas tax repeal with the minimum wage .
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We might deplore that, but it shows that the national minimum wage has harmed the most vulnerable people in that society.
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The typical minimum wage worker is a teenager from a middle-income family earning extra money for personal expenses.
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And we reject Labour's job-destroying notion of a national minimum wage .
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While economic theories disagree over the impacts of raising the minimum wage , so do some Tucson business people.
monthly
▪
Stars received 20 times the average monthly wage for one concert.
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It nearly doubled his monthly wage , from $ 3. 75 to $ 6. 50.
▪
A further edict of Aug. 18 raised the monthly minimum wage from 4,000,000 intis to 16,000,000 intis.
national
▪
I shall not turn to the vexed question of the national minimum wage .
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As the national minimum wage was edged up, so the position altered.
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And we reject Labour's job-destroying notion of a national minimum wage .
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We might deplore that, but it shows that the national minimum wage has harmed the most vulnerable people in that society.
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The Government is planning to raise the national minimum wage from £3.70 to £4 an hour.
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They could spell the end of national wage agreements and the sinking of clinical grading before it has properly begun to swim.
weekly
▪
These values are not primarily the pursuit of small amounts of money paid in a weekly wage .
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Officials who packed private restaurants, where the bill for dinner exceeded their weekly wage , were plainly on the take.
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If the weekly wage were £15, however, the firm would employ four workers.
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San Pablo was a small maquila with a history of low-paid outwork at weekly wages averaging 400 pesos.
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In an era when the average gross weekly wage was about £10 this made them very expensive props indeed.
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If you are paid a weekly wage , then add it up to the monthly total and put that down and so on.
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But between 1951 and 1962 juvenile weekly wages rose by 83 percent.
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His weekly wages at this time were £11.54!
■ NOUN
bill
▪
The wage bill for a certain week was £3537.50.
▪
In January cuts had been implemented in the civil service to reduce the public-sector wage bill .
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The firm says it simply can not find the cash to meet its wage bill .
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The club's wages bill was 4.7m.
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Pay increases alone could not achieve this without inflating the country's wage bill to an unacceptable level.
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Fears Meanwhile the bosses' wage bill is soaring.
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Manager Malcolm Crosby wants to drastically trim the Roker wage bill before launching into the transfer market.
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Critics suggest the wage bill element is excessive; the church authorities argue that they work with people through people.
claim
▪
In the summer of 1953 the union carried out strikes and go-slows in support of a wage claim , but were locked out.
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Mr Scargill urged the miners to prepare for battle: they must stand firm over their wage claim .
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The union will engage in negotiations with the employers in an attempt to persuade them that the wage claim is justified.
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Meanwhile, trade unions became more active in their wage claims , and a vicious price-wage-price spiral developed.
costs
▪
In that situation failure to accumulate in the face of rapidly rising real wage costs spells disaster.
▪
Threatening to go abroad to lower wage costs certainly plays a role in lowering wages at home.
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But electrical contracting business fell 5%, despite lower wage costs .
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And that is just wage costs .
▪
The increase in manufacturing unit wage costs is at its lowest level since 1989 and is increasingly in line with Britain's main competitors.
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The introduction of labour-saving agricultural machinery to reduce wage costs began in earnest from the mid-nineteenth century.
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Also, job vacancies are rising, unit wage costs are falling and productivity is continuing to improve.
demand
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First, proposed increases in energy and payroll taxes could have a knock-on effect on wage demands and prices.
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Workers responded with higher wage demands .
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The threat of unemployment also moderated the wage demands of those who still held jobs.
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Section 4 discusses union wage setting, and develops a wage demand curve for each level of membership.
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The simultaneous interaction of the membership demand curve and the wage demand curve determines equilibrium wages, membership, and employment.
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This would decide whether the hard-won economic recovery of the post-IMF phase would be destroyed by rampaging wage demands and raging inflation.
differential
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Employees needed to know the wage differential and how that impacted unit labor costs.
▪
Wages as such and therefore wage differentials do not exist in many kibbutzim.
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For such workers, the wage differential precisely measures their willingness to pay for safety.
▪
The result is a complex structure of wage rates, characterised by a system of wage differentials .
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Estimates based on wage differentials are also reported in a study by Robert 5.
▪
Campbell earned a doctorate from the University of Chicago, where his dissertation dealt with wage differentials between men and women.
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The data on occupational hazards and wage differentials , used by Thaler and Rosen, suffer from several problems: 1.
earner
▪
Many wage earners were indeed better off than ever before, and after 1922 the economy was free from inflation.
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In this case, inaction is bad news for wage earners .
▪
In Leicestershire only 22 percent of taxpayers overall were classed as wage earners , compared with 37 percent in Rutland next door.
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A family whose wage earners are without medical coverage can lose everything when a child becomes seriously ill.
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As wage earners themselves, they saw the morality of equal pay.
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Even in households where wage earners have some graduate education, incomes have declined 1 percent since 1989.
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He said there were 4 potential wage earners in the household but they hadn't made any payment for 17 months.
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Minimum wage earners , Kerry said, make about $ 8, 500 in a year.
freeze
▪
Those who had feared price and wage freezes were relieved.
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They agreed to return to work but under protest at the wage freeze and benefits cuts.
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The wage freeze was part of a campaign to bring down inflation from 2,000-2,500 percent to a target of 13 percent.
increase
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A formula could be seen as a way to get a fair wage increase and made it easier to deal with differentials.
▪
The figures will show the effect of significant wage increases at Tynecastle in the past year.
▪
Democrats hope to use the minimum wage increase to contrast their positions with those of Republicans.
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A wage increase was granted in June, but below that demanded by the workers.
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They will block further tax cuts, except modest breaks for small businesses to ease the burden of a minimum wage increase .
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The deal allowed for a wage increase for employees of 7 percent, with a further increase to be negotiated.
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While this was a victory and there was even a small wage increase , the Local had barely survived.
level
▪
But his concern for profit margins kept wage levels low and he was intensely suspicious of trade unionism.
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He set the wage levels , the production targets, the safety standards, and he really planned the whole industry.
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Resultant wage levels eroded corporate liquidity and profitability, although the extent of the deterioration varied between nations.
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Expect to see new calls on the administration -- of either party -- to somehow create jobs faster and raise wage levels .
▪
These might include, for example, a commitment to certain levels of investment, wage levels or even working conditions.
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A reasonable measure, say Hong Kong critics, among the currencies of countries of similar structure and similar wage levels .
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Trade unions do not have the right to strike nor negotiate wage levels , which are determined by the administrative centre.
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The evidence for this regional divergence does not rest only on wage levels in manufacturing and mining.
money
▪
It is the money wage alone which is determined by the bargains struck between workers and employers.
▪
Negotiations over pay are about changes in money wages .
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This would lead to a fall in the money wage and so restore full employment.
▪
This observation did appear to conform with the actual behaviour of money wages in the interwar period, particularly in Britain.
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In the above account the distinction between changes in money wages and changes in real wages has been deliberately blurred.
▪
Mr Menem woos them by saying that both money wages and public-sector employment should rise.
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Consider the original money wage version of the Phillips curve depicted in Figure 6.5.
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In these circumstances elementary competitive theory suggests that money wages will fall.
packet
▪
Mr Yarrow paused a moment before placing a wage packet into it.
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When I get my first wage packet let's blow it on an outing somewhere.
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The more assertive and imaginative found honest ways to supplement their regular wage packet .
▪
In the past when I used to get less money in my wage packet I used to start crying at once.
rate
▪
The real wage rate is not a variable which can be directly negotiated in the bargaining process.
▪
Controlling for the other variables, Thaler and Rosen found a clear systematic tendency for wage rates to rise with increasing risk.
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If unemployment is classical, steps must be taken to reduce the real wage rate .
▪
It is the demand and supply conditions in these segmented markets which help to determine the wage rates of different workers.
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The effect of wage rates is a result of two conflicting elements.
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It was Keynes's view that, in practice, the money wage rate was downwardly rigid.
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The result is a complex structure of wage rates , characterised by a system of wage differentials.
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I remember when sick pay and conditions were added and when, under the wages councils, wage rates were raised.
rise
▪
So faster wage rises were needed if the system was to function smoothly.
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Economic unrest Workers at coal and copper mines went on strike during late July, demanding wage rises and improved conditions.
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A 50 percent wage rise was also decreed for most civil servants.
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Keynesianism seemed to have banished mass unemployment for ever and wage rises seemed as natural and regular as the tides.
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The return to work settlement included a bonus of 15 percent on top of a wage rise of 59 percent.
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The total wage rise of 6.25% built into the 1990-91 accord looks too high.
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Also obtain details of any wage rises awarded during the third party's absence from work.
■ VERB
earn
▪
Albert earned a steady wage , was a good gardener and could afford to keep a wife in reasonable comfort.
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Of course, people earning low wages will have a difficult time paying for childcare.
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Consequently, rather than earning a wage , they are likely to find themselves claiming a range of benefits, grants and allowances.
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It was what happened when young people earned decent wages , and had the means to buy clothes and go to discos.
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Landlessness was also seen as an element of poverty and encouraged large families so that children could earn and remit wages .
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She was overjoyed to find she earned a much higher wage than for her factory work.
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But they did not earn a separate wage , they lived in effect in a mainly cashless society.
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I would do anything to earn a wage , however small - be a servant, even.
fall
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If the price level should rise, the real wage would fall , creating an excess demand for labour.
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Real wages fall because real skills are falling. 3.
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Real wages have fallen by 90 percent since 1981.
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In such a situation wages must fall , since every worker is working with less capital.
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For many people real wages fell and working conditions worsened.
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Relatively, college wages rose even though real wages were falling for both college and high school graduates.
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If so, the union collapses and wages fall to the competitive level.
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Then, around 1900, when profits rose but wages fell , the period was called the Belle Epoque.
pay
▪
It is not just a question of paying competitive wages .
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Students would be paid the starting wage for whatever job position they held.
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He often had to pay the wages and expenses of the royal huntsmen out of the issues of his bailiwick.
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They paid paltry wages to jazz musicians but gave them steady work and much freedom over what they played.
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He's being paid far below union wages in a factory with disgusting air quality.
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Federal law currently requires employees who work more than 40 hours in one week to be paid overtime wages .
▪
But workers were paid low wages , lived mostly in overcrowded bunkhouses and were subjected to daily body searches and internal scans.
▪
No one determines if the company is actually paying the prevailing wage .
raise
▪
Workers with reduced social protection were unable to raise their wages to compensate.
▪
He has a five-plank campaign that includes raising the minimum wage and opposition to school vouchers.
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A further edict of Aug. 18 raised the monthly minimum wage from 4,000,000 intis to 16,000,000 intis.
▪
Labor Secretary Robert Reich said the report proved that raising the minimum wage does not cost jobs.
▪
Instead of economic insecurity, they argued over raising the federal minimum wage .
▪
Ultimately, economic growth and improved education are the best ways to raise wages .
▪
To raise his wage without raising his marginal productivity would be to put his pay above his contribution.
▪
Politically, raising the minimum wage is good for the Democrats, but is it good for low-income workers?
receive
▪
He has always received minimum wages and saving has been difficult.
▪
Contingent workers receive lower wages , less fringes, fewer paid holidays, and must accept greater economic risks and uncertainty.
▪
The housewife receives no wage for her work.
▪
Women workers do not receive a fair wage because their earnings are considered a complementary salary.
▪
Very few workers - less than 5 percent - receive the statutory minimum wage , however.
▪
Ultimately Steele divided land amongst his slaves for which they paid rent; they received wages for other work.
▪
On the other hand, any workers lucky enough to be employed receive a higher wage .
▪
The worker, in contrast, has only his labour to sell and receives only wages in return.
reduce
▪
If unemployment is classical, steps must be taken to reduce the real wage rate.
▪
Many of the approximately 150 people we talked to were out of work or had suffered reduced wages .
▪
Only when they eventually become aware that no such jobs are available do they reduce their asking wage .
▪
In January cuts had been implemented in the civil service to reduce the public-sector wage bill.
▪
Workers' real wages would have been reduced , provided money wages did not rise.
▪
Policies aimed at reducing the wages of the lower paid have included: 1.
▪
In fact, as Mathias has pointed out, employers did not reduce wages when they wanted an increase in labour.
▪
Workers who face a reduction in demand for their services become unemployed rather than reduce their asking wages .
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a livable wage/salary
dock sb's wages/pay/salary
starvation wages
▪
Large companies welcomed the minimum wage because it stopped cowboys undercutting them with cheap, bad services paid for in starvation wages.
▪
They fought against the prior violence of child labor and starvation wages.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪
Elvina earns an hourly wage of $11.
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In general, computer jobs pay good wages.
▪
Most of the new jobs in the area only pay the minimum wage .
▪
Steve makes a decent wage as a civil engineer.
▪
Without qualifications it's nearly impossible to get a job with decent wages.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪
About 35p of this went on wages.
▪
As capital moves to low-wage areas, the employment rate tends to rise, and wages are pushed up.
▪
Being of very modest means, but having some contacts upon the turf, he attempted to increase his wages by gambling.
▪
Farmers are businessmen and since wages constitute a cost of production they will normally pay no more than prevailing conditions dictate.
▪
The behaviour of both productivity and product wages do not conform precisely to the simplest description of overaccumulation.
▪
The Trotskyist movement has long advocated a sliding scale of wages to meet the rising cost of living.
▪
There was, in the mid century, a gap between rising wages and even more rapidly rising prices that favoured investment.
II. verb
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
■ NOUN
battle
▪
Now, they say, future battles will be waged on features and added value.
▪
The battle they waged was biblical.
▪
They waged a battle , and we waged a skirmish, and they won.
campaign
▪
He was briefly arrested the next year after a campaign waged against him by the collaborationist journal Je Suis Partout.
▪
Feinstein handily defeated Davis in that race, despite a nasty campaign waged by Davis.
▪
I refer to the lively campaign being waged in the United States which is affecting many of their best-known golf clubs.
▪
Alderson believes there has been a whispering campaign waged against new owners Steve Schott and Ken Hofmann.
▪
Despite an intense campaign waged by real-estate brokers against subsidizing housing for the poor, the plan prevailed.
fight
▪
He has praised gang-fighting efforts and criticized the Clinton administration for waging an inadequate fight against drugs.
▪
He waged a valiant fight against the permanent replacement of strikers.
▪
Lincoln had been forced to wage his fight to end slavery with devastating force.
struggle
▪
It is necessary to wage a firm ideological struggle against this revisionist current. 6.
war
▪
It is election year, and a phoney war is being waged between the two main parties.
▪
Hundreds of smaller chains and stores went out of business, many hurt by price wars waged by appliance chains.
▪
There is now a horrific and bloody war being waged within me.
▪
But they also threaten people in scores of countries where wars have been waged .
▪
The Second World War , unlike the First, was a people's war waged against a hideous ideology.
▪
So far the Yugoslav civil war has been waged mainly by activist minorities plus the professionals.
▪
And war must be waged on organized crime.
warfare
▪
Fred made up for his lack of inches by waging psychological warfare in the form of a relentless monologue.
▪
President Clinton and the Republican Senate are waging election-year warfare over the confirmation of 135 presidential appointees.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a livable wage/salary
starvation wages
▪
Large companies welcomed the minimum wage because it stopped cowboys undercutting them with cheap, bad services paid for in starvation wages.
▪
They fought against the prior violence of child labor and starvation wages.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪
And war must be waged on organized crime.
▪
Bernard would lie awake for hours waging his nightly battle with carnality, slapping it down, groaning.
▪
But the anguished upstate New York social worker now finds himself waging a spirited campaign to keep his sibling from death row.
▪
So he theorized that, for democracies, waging war had a hyperbolic boomerang-like effect on society.